A Review of a Beautiful mind and Its Depictions of Schizophrenia Essay

A Review of a Beautiful Mind and Its Depictions of Schizophrenia Introduction: In the year 2001 the movie A Beautiful Mind was released as a biography of the life of John Nash. As the movie flows, we can easily see how his condition, schizophrenia, interferes with his personal life as well as with his home life and social life. The movie does a good job in describing Nash’s experiences and some of the help that put him back on his feet, and that motivated him to stay strong. Plot Review: The movie A Beautiful Mind begins with an odd young mathematician by the name of John Forbes Nash Jr. who is attending Princeton University in 1948. There is where he meets his roommate Charles, which is his first hallucination, but we don’t know that until later on. While at Princeton, Nash discovers a mathematical theorem and becomes a professor at MIT. John soon gets married to one of the graduate students by the name of Alicia, but shortly after that is diagnosed with schizophrenia. Nash believes he is some sort of spy because one of his hallucinated agents told him he had to work for the government because his profile is very high. Nash believes his hallucinations are real and he has to be taken to special psychological hospital. Nash never loses the support from his wife Alicia. She does have a hard time, but she tries to deal with his condition because of the love she has for him. Alicia and his baby are the only ones that are there to motivate him, but he suddenly gives in once again and fails to demonstrate that he is completely in the real world; Nash parts from society and has many hallucinations once again with Charles, Charles niece, and William, which is the man that makes Nash believe he is working for the government. Nash decides to give it his all for the love of his wife and son, after realizing that William and his other hallucinations are not real life. Nash works with his condition by avoiding and ignoring Charles, the little girl, and William; although at first it seems very hard for him to do this, he manages to conquer the temptations he use to have to talk to his hallucinations. Nash, back in the real world again starts teaching in the 1970s and is awarded the Novel prize in economics in 1994. Schizophrenia Disease: Schizophrenia is a common disease in American life and it affects 4. 5 million of the adult population in the United States. This disorder â€Å"Lasts for about six months and includes at least two of the following symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and decreased emotional expression† (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). Schizophrenia also brings in disorders of thought, disorders of attention, disorders of perception, motor disorders, and emotional disorders. There are three subcategories of schizophrenia; paranoid, disorganized, and catatonic schizophrenia. Paranoid schizophrenia, like Nash experienced is, â€Å"Characterized by auditory hallucinations or delusions, such as thoughts of being persecuted by others or thoughts of grandeur† (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). Disorganized schizophrenia is â€Å"Marked by bizarre ideas, often about one’s body, confused speech, childish behavior, great emotional swings, and often extreme neglect of personal appearance and hygiene† (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). Catatonic schizophrenia is â€Å"Characterized by periods of wild excitement or periods of rigid, prolonged immobility: sometimes that person assumes the same frozen posture for hours on end† (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). There is no real cure for this illness. Depictions of the disease in the movie: In the movie, A Beautiful Mind, schizophrenia is well shown as it develops in Nash’s life and as it interferes with his social, personal, and home life. Nash is in Princeton University when his disease first starts to appear. In the movie we see a character by the name of Charles, which is Nash’s roommate. The movie makes us believe that Charles is real life a character until later on to better illustrate the condition that Nash has to face. We believe that Charles is real because the movie actually shows Charles; it’s as if we are Nash’s eyes because he actually sees Charles and that is what schizophrenia does to a person. Another character that we believe is real is William Parcher and the same thing happens with this character. Everything that William tells Nash to do feel’s so real and taunts Nash every day as his condition worsens. Nash doesn’t believe that his hallucinations are not real life and is very upset when Alicia tells him that everything is in his mind. This can happen to a lot of people that have schizophrenia because in their mind everything is actually happening and the hallucinations that they are seeing seem so real. Like Alicia, many people who have a relative with schizophrenia suffer and find it hard to believe that their relative has mental issues. Nash, diagnosed with schizophrenia had to start accepting the fact that he was ill from his mind. This not only affected his home life, but also his personal life, and his social life. Nash was at home most of the day so he didn’t really socialize with anyone, but his wife. He couldn’t even be responsible for taking care of his own baby because Alicia didn’t trust him that much. He lost his job and was not able to cooperate in the relationship like a normal person. In some cases, like in Nash’s case, a person with schizophrenia will be tempted to stop taking their medications and the hallucinations can reappear. Their hallucinations can impact their mind once again and their condition can worsen. Like it was shown in A Beautiful Mind, a family can slowly start to fall apart and the bond they use to have can slip away. Treatments for Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia is a disease or condition that still does not have a cure, but we do know that its factors are biological, neurological, and environmental. Like many other diseases, schizophrenia does not have a cure, but there are chances of recovery and medical treatments depending on the symptoms that are present within the person. Chances of recovery depend on the type of schizophrenia and their symptoms. Schizophrenia is classified as either schizophrenia type one, or schizophrenia type two. Type one, â€Å"Includes having positive symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, which are a distortion of normal functions. In addition, this group has no intellectual impairment, good reaction to medication, and thus a good chance of recovery† (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). Type two, â€Å"Includes having negative symptoms, such as dulled emotions and little inclination to speak, which are a loss of normal functions. In addition, this group has intellectual impairment, poor reaction to medication, and thus poor chance of recovery† (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). Drugs such as haloperidol can be given to reduce symptoms such as delusions. â€Å"Neuroleptic drugs, also called antipsychotic drugs, are used to treat serious mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, by changing the number of neurotransmitters in the brain† (Downar and Kapur, 208, p. 541). The neurotransmitter that is affected by these drugs is dopamine. These drugs will reduce the symptoms of the person which most likely will help them recover faster and feel a little bit better. Inaccuracies in the portrayal of treatment measures: I believe that a lot of what was trying to help Nash was very accurate, but it didn’t look like he had enough support from anyone, but his wife. To me it seemed like motivation was the number one reason that he â€Å"recovered. † His wife told him, maybe it’s not in your brain, maybe it’s in our heart. † Although motivation might have helped him, that isn’t a real form to get a person with schizophrenia to change fast. His medications and he beginning to socialize and teach again is what clearly helps him to start avoiding and ignoring his hallucinations. It almost looked like he did it all on his own, but a person with schizophrenia needs real attention. Conclusion A Beautiful Mind was very good at playing out demonstrating many actions and behaviors that a person with schizophrenia has to deal with. It showed in great details how such a disease change the life of a schizophrenic and their family. It portrayed schizophrenia type one and also some symptoms of type two. By watching this film I became a little more familiar with what the disease can do. Of course not everything about the disease can be learned from watching a movie, but this film does have many great scenes that help us become a little more familiar with the negative effects of the disease. The movie did a great job and is capable of at least getting people to have an idea of what schizophrenia is.

Human behaviour

Human Behaviour Psychology According to Sigmund Freud, (1856-1939). human beings are just mechanical creatures, whom he views as prisoners of primitive instincts and powers, which we can barely control. He states that our purpose is to control these instincts and powers. Freud explained these concepts by comparing the human spirit to an Iceberg. The vlslble part of the Iceberg (spirit) Is the conscious part, which consists of everything we know and remember and the thinking processes through which we function. The unconscious part is made up of everything we have ever learned or experienced, ncluding that which has been â€Å"forgotten†.A part of these forgotten things are really gone, but the largest part of the unconscious has Just been shut out, because It would be annoying to be consciously reminded of it. The influences of Helmholtz are also visible at other points, According to Freud, the material in the unconscious contains psychic energy. This psychic energy is constan tly trying to get into the conscious part, while the conscious part keeps using energy to suppress undesirable discoveries. An expression of unknown powers Is, for example, slips of the tongue.These expressions show that our unconscious was not strong enough to keep these powers outside the conscious part. Philosophers in the seventeenth and eighteenth century (like Descartes and Hobbes) shared a mechanistic view. They thought that some of our actions are the result of internal or external forces, which are not under voluntary control. Hobbes, for example, claimed that underlying reasons for behavior are the avoidance of pain and the quest for pleasure. The extreme of the mechanistic view Is the theory of instincts. An instinct is an innate biological force, which commands the organism to ehave in a particular way.The main advocate of the instinct theory was the psychologist McDougall. He hypothesized that all thinking and behavior is the result of instincts, which are fixed from bi rth, but which can be adjusted by learning and experience. By changes and combinations of instincts he tried to explain the whole repertoire of human behavior. Human behavior psychology Is one of the theories of learning based upon the central Idea that all human behaviors are attained through conditioning. This is also known as behaviorism. Conditioning happens through the nteraction of human beings with the environment.According to human behavior psychology, human behavior can be studied in a systematic, methodical, recognizable and observable manner with no deliberation of internal mental states. Strengths of human behavior psychology/3ehaviorlsm Human behavior psychology is based upon observable and noticeable behaviors, thus easier to quantify, collect empirical data and Information while conducting research. Behavioral intervention, token economies, and discrete trial training are some 0T tne erective remealal tecnnlques wnlcn are all rooted Intenslvely In numan ehavior psych ology, also commonly known as behaviorism.These techniques are very helpful in changing maladaptive, detrimental or harmful behaviors in both children and adults. Criticisms of human behavior psychology/behaviorism Many detractors point out that human behavior psychology or behaviorism is an exclusively one-dimensional approach to human behavior and thus such human behavioral theories do not account for free will and internal influences such as moods, thoughts, feelings, etc. Behaviorism or human behavior psychology does not ccount for further types of learning, in particular learning that occurs lacking the use of reinforcements.Also individuals are able to adapt their human behavior when new information is brought in, even if a previous behavior pattern has been established over a period of time through reinforcement. Human behavior refers to the range of behaviors exhibited by humans and which are influenced by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, h ypnosis, persuasion, coercion and/or genetics. The behavior of people (and other organisms or even mechanisms) alls within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside acceptable limits.In sociology, behavior in general is characterised as having no meaning, being not directed at other people, and thus is the most basic human action. Behavior in this general sense should not be mistaken with social behavior, which is a more advanced action, as social behavior is behavior specifically directed at other people. The acceptability of behavior depends heavily upon social norms and is regulated by various means of social control. Human ehavior is studied by the specialised academic disciplines of psychiatry, psychology, social work, sociology, economics, and anthropology.Human behaviour is experienced throughout an individual's entire lifetime. It includes the way they act based on different factors such as genetics, social norms, core faith, an d attitude. Behaviour is impacted by certain traits each individual has. The traits vary from person to person and can produce different actions or behaviour from each person. Social norms also impact behaviour. Due to the inherently conformist nature of uman society in general, humans are pressurised into following certain rules and display certain behaviours in society, which conditions the way people behave.Different behaviours are deemed to be either acceptable or unacceptable in different societies and cultures. Core faith can be perceived through the religion and philosophy of that individual. It shapes the way a person thinks and this in turn results in different human behaviours. Attitude can be defined as â€Å"the degree to which the person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior in question. One's attitude is essentially a reflexion of the behaviour he or she will portray in specific situations.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_behaviorhttp://www.soop erarticles.com/http://research.easybib.com/research/index/search?search=%22ThinkQuest+Team%22https://moz.com/ugc/how-to-increase-ecommerce-conversion-rates-with-social-proofhttp://study.com/directory/category/Psychology/Psychology_and_Human_Behavior/Environmental_Psychology.html

Personality Theorists Bandura and Maslow

Personality is a fascinating subject to study, because every person has a personality that is unique and complex. Personality theorists spend their time studying the reasons why people act the way they do. Are their innate processes that ensure a person will react to a situation differently if he is hungry? How will two different people behave if they both witness the same automobile crash?How behavior is affected and determined has been studied for years, and there are many different theories. Two theorists who have contributed significantly to this field of study are Bandura and Maslow.Bandura, like all behaviorists, was primarily interested in the stimulus-response branch of psychology. Having studied Skinner’s approach to Behaviorism, Bandura did agree that external forces contributed to behaviors. He believed environmental situations and reinforcers lead to certain behaviors. But Bandura also set out to answer some problems he found with Skinner’s theory. As Wagner (2009) states, even in his earliest work, Bandura argued that believing behavior could only be caused by a stimulus-response cycle was too simplistic.His studies led him to believe that behavior was not only a reaction to environmental stimuli as Skinner had proposed, but could also be learned from watching a model perform the behavior that could be copied. He also believed that learning could be cognitive. One of the most significant observations Bandura made during his studies was that while the environment did cause behaviors, behaviors could also create an environment. This phenomenon he called reciprocal determinism: The world and a person’s behavior cause each other.Bandura also believed that self-efficacy contributed to behavior. A person’s internal need to attain goals could cause them to behave in a way that ensured them success. Due to his research, Bandura argued that external and internal factors affected behavior. People can choose to act a certain way, o r the environment can cause them to act a certain way. Another theorist who made significant contributions to personality and behavior theory was Maslow. His most significant theory was his idea of a hierarchy of human needs.At the most basic level, humans have intrinsic needs, such as food and shelter, and the feeling of safety. Internal factors such as being hungry and the ability to breathe properly contribute to outward behaviors. Lemer (2000) summarized Maslow’s ideas into a practical application, by stating that, with children, adults should address the higher level needs for safety, security and knowledge only after the most primitive biological needs are met. Clearly, internal needs factor into behavior.As a people move up the hierarchy however, external factors begin to play a much larger role in behavior choice. Concepts such as morality, respect, and self-esteem are influenced by external factors such as societal demands and personal interactions. Maslow, like Band ura, believed that both internal and external factors contributed to behaviors. People behave certain ways at certain times due to a myriad of factors. Both of these theorists make powerful cases for the idea that behavior is both intrinsically and externally motivated. The case for internal motivation is solid.There are times when people choose to behave in a certain manner due to a need for respect, to fulfill a perceived role, or to attain a goal. Their behavior during those times is due to an internal desire for something. However, there are other times when environmental factors also cause behavior. A person may be trying to act a certain way, but a situation may arise that causes them to change the course of their behavior. It is also true that people can learn through simple observation, and this has to be caused by both internal and external factors.The environment and the situation the person is watching is shaping their behavior. But it also the internal need to duplicate the behavior of the other person that causes them to watch and learn. Both Bandura and Maslow believed that behavior was both internally and externally motivated. References Wagner, K. V. (2009). Albert Bandura biography. Retrieved May 10, 2009 from http://psychology. about. com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_bandura. htmfrom Lemer, P. S. (2000). Treat needs, not behavior: Maslow for the millennium. New Developments, 6(2), 23-26.

In the character of Gatsby. Fitzgerald holds the idea of the american Essay

In the character of Gatsby. Fitzgerald holds the idea of the american dream up to ridicule. with reference to appropriately sele - Essay Example He based his life on the ever thoughts of money; how much he earned and how much possessions he made. He thought that money brings with it many other advantages. The only purpose behind his lust for wealth was to win back his lost old love. Why he pursued money was because his love had left him for money. Daisy, his love considered him unworthy in the past because he was a lower class person. He was sure that if he remained poor, she was never to allow him to make a reunion. He was poor and thought all the days and nights about Daisy that she was waiting for him to come and take her. He thought that Daisy â€Å"was tired of waiting around for me† (Fitzgerald, p131). Gatsby believed he could win her provided he reaches for what most of the people considered as â€Å"American Dream†. Money was his ideal. He had complete faith in wealth. His worthless life existed on the foundations of falsehood. Gatsby ridiculed the â€Å"American Dream†. He was able to get to his desire and aspiration when he became a wealth man. He employed in a number of jobs the whole of his life and this was but to show to Daisy what he could give her. He wants to win back his love by making yet another entry to Daisy’s life. When he meets her, he reminds her the past and assures her that he did not forget her. Her sweet memories always accompanied him. He reveals before the already married Daisy that he still loved her: â€Å"Look at this†, said Gatsby quickly. â€Å"Here’s a lot of clippings about you† (Fitzgerald, p93). Gatsby was the perfect personification of â€Å"American Dream† held up to ridicule. Wealth determined all his actions and he always thought with the mindset of a businessman, more suitable, a shopkeeper. He believed in wealth to the extent that he was sure he could bring his past back. He had a firm trust in his money to the extents that he thought Daisy would happily leave her husband in the pursuit of money he had. He was not influenced by the general perception that people change with respect to the passage of time. He once stressed his view when said rhetorically: â€Å"Can’t repeat the past. Why of course you can!† (Fitzgerald, p111). When he loses his love to a wealthy man, he decided at once to get to the status of the richest man of the world. Poor by birth, he gathers around him vast amounts of wealth and high social status. He ridicules the â€Å"American Dream† by desiring to become the wealthiest man of the world and ultimately the ruler of the whole world. He wants to be God. Nick speaks of him as an extravagant and flamboyant person. Gatsby is no doubt the real symbol of ridiculous excess and waste of Rich American Socialites. He believes that his royal mansion can be the key of his success. His â€Å"American Dream† turning into ridicule has been described by Nick when he refers to his mansion: â€Å"The one on my right was a colossal affair by any st andard-it was a factual imitation of some hotel de Ville in Normandy, with a tower on one side, spanking new under a thin beard of raw ivy, and a marble swimming pool, and more than a forty acres of lawn and garden† (Fitzgerald, p5). When Mayor Wolfsheim had seen the opportunity to achieve the â€Å"American Dream† by making enormous money at once after having fixed the World Series, Gatsby ensures his â€Å"American Dream† by appreciating Wolfsheim’

Text and PPT for required article reading discussion (500 words with Essay

Text and PPT for required article reading discussion (500 words with ppt) - Essay Example As a result of the contribution of women in these niches, their importance and value is proven significantly. This is the bright picture of the decade following 1990 that women began to realize their importance in the society and began actively participating in different fields of life. The writer also argues that women have not only become part of different sectors of social life, they have proven that they could be as good or even better than men in some fields. The success of women in society after 1990 implies that the institutions have brought positive change to utilize the skills and knowledge of women for the betterment of society. This arguments of Angela McRobbie regarding success of women in the post-feminism era after 1990 show that feminism has been taken into account in only certain niches of the society. The institutions became modern with respect to their teachings and behavior. They contain women as their integral part that has undermined their feminism a great deal. As the women got educated to higher levels, their thinking developed against feminism. The writer also presented one important point in the article that feminism has been considered only off and on in the era following 1990. Feminism requires women to understand their true power in the society that marks their success. However, their spiritual values shouldn’t be sacrificed in any case. The degradation of feminism is embedded even in the success of women in different sectors of life. When you find women in the leading roles of the society, they have to forget about the conventional thinking. As they become more educated, the elements of feminism will reduce automatically and these factors will be replaced by modernism. The involvement of both sexes in different fields of life is a bright prospect for the economy of the countries. There will be more people working for the welfare of the society. However, the

Historical Developement of Separation of Powers Essay

Historical Developement of Separation of Powers - Essay Example In 17th century England, it emerged for the first time as a coherent theory of government, explicitly set out, and urged as the 'grand secret of liberty and good government'" (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2). In the upheaval of the Civil War, the doctrine emerged as a response to the need for a new constitutional theory when a system of government based upon "a mixture of King, Lords, and Commons" seemed no longer relevant. "Growing out of the more ancient theory, the doctrine became both a rival to it and a means of broadening and developing it into the 18th century theory of the balanced constitution" (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2). The revolutionary potentialities of the doctrine were fully realized in America and France, but when its viability as a theory of government was tested "its weaknesses were revealed; this one revolutionary idea could also become a bulwark of conservatism." (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2) The attack on the doctrine came in two waves: First, the middle class "which had most fervently supported it", now saw within its reach control of political power through extension of the franchise, and the need for a theory that was essentially a challenge to the power of aristocracy diminished; however, until the Second Reform Act in England, the doctrine was sought only to be re-examined (Vile; M.J.C.; 1967; chapter 2). ... Changing ideas about the role of government and its structure were "accompanied by a changing emphasis in ideas about the nature of sovereignty". (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2). In earlier centuries, the need for a single omnipotent source of power had been stressed by "theorists of absolutism", and rejected by liberal constitutionalists, who swore by division of power and the limitations on power imposed by the constitution or by a higher law. "Rousseau's association of unlimited sovereignty with the people led to reorientation of ideas" (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2) .If franchise could be restricted to those with a stake in the community, the idea of an unlimited, indivisible sovereign power became for the liberal individualist not a threat but a safeguard; "it became in the hands of Bentham and Austin an instrument for reform of government which would increase the freedom of the individual". However, "the desire for a unified system of government, whether to achieve reform or f or positive State action, led to a rediscovery of the role of discretion and prerogative in government." (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2) Realization that the functional concepts of the doctrine of separation of powers were inadequate to explain the operations of government was heightened by emerging awareness of the nature of bureaucracy; "the impact of Prussian bureaucracy in the 19th century, establishment of a non-political civil service in England, dissatisfaction with the spoils system in the United States, development of the Weberian theory bureaucracy, (all) led to a reassessment of the 'executive' function". (Vile, M.J.C.; 1967; Chapter 2). Thus the demand for establishment of "harmony" between the legislature and the executive

Christine Ladd-Franklin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Christine Ladd-Franklin - Research Paper Example Background Christine Ladd- Franklin was born on 1st December 1847 in Windsor Connecticut. She was the oldest child of her parents Eliphalet and Augusta (Niles) Ladd and was fondly called Kitty. She had a brother, Henry Ladd and a sister Jane Augusta Ladd McCordia. Christine had the opportunity to attend women’s rights lectures from her earlier ages since her mother Augusta, and her aunt Juliet Niles were ardent supporters of women’s rights movements; and these lecture classes made Christine a strong women’s rights supporter and she believed that woman must get equal standards as that of a man in every phase of social life (Furumoto, 1992, p.176). On account of her mother’s death, she was forced to move to Portsmouth where her father’s home was situated. She joined in Wesleyan Academy in order to attend the course for Harvard, which was generally attended by boys. Christine had got the freedom to continue her education at Vassar College although she faced protestations from her family at the earlier stages. During the course of her study at Vassar College, Christine was driven to move to Utica so as to overcome her financial difficulties by earning money from teaching. From Utica, she got the chance to deal with various languages, trigonometry, and botanical specimens and it increased her academic talents. Even during the course of her studies, Christine had continued her women’s right activities with all supports from her father and aunt. She returned to Vassar College to complete her studies, where she met a female astronomy professor, Maria Mitchell. Mitchell motivated Christine to increase her knowledge in mathematics and science and it influenced Christine a lot. She worked as an instructor of mathematics and science in secondary schools in Pennsylvania for nine years after she had completed her graduation course from Vassar College. She applied to Johns Hopkins University for her higher education and got admission on the strength of her earlier works even though she faced certain restrictions from the university. In 1882, Christine married Fabian Franklin who was the younger faculty of John Hopkins math department. Christine published some brilliant papers in American Journal of Mathematics and gradually her interests turned to logic subjects. Although she had completely fulfilled the conditions for the Ph. D, she did not get it until 1926. Christine became famous mainly on the ground of her theory of color vision in which she defined mathematical as well as psychological perspectives for her concept. She accompanied her husband Fabian Franklin when he took a sabbatical to Europe and it helped Christine to continue her research in Professor G. E. Muller’s laboratory without getting affected by restrictions in German universities. After completing her research studies in Muller’s laboratory, she went to Berlin where she was admitted in the Hermann von Helmholtz’s laborator y (Rossiter, 1982, p.43). Christine’s works in different laboratories with different faculties enabled her to contribute a lot in the field of psychology. She presented her theory at International Congress of Psychology held in London in 1892; it gave great fame in the world of psychology. She acted as the associate editor in Baldwin’s Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology for the period of 1901 to 1905. In 1904, Johns Hopkins permitted Christine to lecture one

Civil Right Act of 1964 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Civil Right Act of 1964 - Research Paper Example 1. The first reason is the employer changing the terms of employment contract like the cases of deliberate cuts in payment, status or working hours 2. The second ground of a constructive discharge claim requires the breaching of contract by the employer in the form of bullying or ignoring complaints. 3. The third ground is the breaching of such rules which results to inequitable industrial practice. According to the constructive discharge act an individual is a prospective claimant of constructive discharge if the individual gives notice to the employer due to the reason of insufferable stressful and unpleasant work situation or due to the inequitable treatment met to the individual by the superiors or a co worker. When an employee resigns under such circumstances it is not considered by the law as a free will resignation but it is considered that the employer forcibly coerced the employee into resigning from the job. Here the employee files a case for constructive discharge because there is disagreement and clash of opinions. The conclusion that is reached by the erstwhile employee and complainant is that he/she has been forced to work on religious holy days, ans the working days have changed from former 5 day week to seven day week that working under this kind of environment is a type of harassment meted out by the company’s owners. According to the UK Equal Pay act of 1970 the law states that it is unlawful if discrimination in an organization occurs on the basis of remuneration or benefits that are provided to men and women employees. The act of Equal Pay of 1970 comes under the Act of Equal Opportunities Mr CEO Sir, in this case scenario it is seen that during third week as the elementary division manager, the company attorney notifies that a former employee has filed a case against the company under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, constructive discharge, after changes have been instituted in the work schedule. The employee, who quit afte r the policy change took effect, is alleging that the enforcement of the company’s new policy on shift work is discriminatory because the policy requires employees to work on a religious holy day. In the past, production employees worked Monday through Friday. As a result of company growth, the production schedule was changed at the beginning of the New Year, requiring employees to work 12-hour shifts with four days at work and then after working four days is given our days off. Now, the four work days can occur any day of the week, Mondays through Sundays. The entire production staff is required to work this rotating shift. However, office staff members, work between 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Mondays through Fridays. This changed work schedule does not meet the approval of the said complainant as now he/she would even have to work on Sundays if part of 4 day working schedule. She claims this new policy as discriminatory and intending to place curbs or restrictions on employee holiday on a Sunday. . â€Å"

Marketing research .. project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing research .. project - Essay Example With 95% confidence interval; it means that we accept the null hypothesis that the mean response to X166-reasonable Prices are lower than 6 and reject the alternative hypothesis that the mean response to X166-reasonable prices are higher than 6. From a practical standpoint, the results of the Univariate hypothesis test showed that respondents perceived the menu were significantly lower than 6 and this can be reflected by the mean of 4.508641975 for X14 and 4.338271605 for X16. The mean values for X22 and X32 are 4.82963 and 0.348148148 respectively. To determine if the two mean are significantly different with an equal variance, a t-statistical analysis is undertaken. The one tail results give a t-critical of 1.647649 while the two tail gives a t-critical result of 1.964318. However; going by the one tail, the t-critical is 1.647649 compared with a significance level of 0.00, we accept the null hypothesis that the two means are statistically significant. According to the book page 498, this analysis was supposed to compare the level of satisfaction between male and female-considering the mean. However, from the results there is no substantial support for the null hypothesis to ascertain that the two means are equal, and hence we conclude that male customers are significantly more satisfied than female customers. The mean values of X21, X22 and X23 are 4.82963, 4.464198 and 3.785185. The null hypothesis is to test if the mean of the variables are significantly different. The p-value=3.59 while the significant level ÃŽ ±=o.05; therefore we accept the null hypothesis that the mean of the variables are significantly different (p-value>0.05). That is, the mean perceptions of males between the two restaurants do not differ significantly on satisfaction or likelihood of

Riots Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Riots - Essay Example The protesters rallied with Gray’s family in a bid to find answers as to what happened to Gray while he was under police custody. The protesters rallied to help his family find the truth. The protests turned violent on the Monday night of 27th April 2015, when rioters began to damage buildings and destroy police vehicles. The violent protests resulted to looting of several stores and businesses. The protesters pushed to get explanation on Gray’s death and for justice. The protests resembled those held in Ferguson, Missouri, and New York after the deaths of unarmed African American men while under police custody. The Baltimore riots resulted from the arrest and death of Freddie Gray an African American man. The riots were sparked on the basis of calls for justice for Gray’s family and accusation of police brutality and racial profiling of suspects. The protests began peacefully but later turned violent resulting to looting and damaging of public and private goods in Baltimore,

Choose an article or book chapter that has applied multivariate Essay

Choose an article or book chapter that has applied multivariate analysis to a research question. Explain the key issues that m - Essay Example Hair et al. (1994, p. 2) defined multivariate as analysis of several variables within a relationship or set of relationships. Hair et al. (1995, p. 13) explicit include multiple regression (a regression with one dependent variable and multiple independent variable) as an example of multivariate data analysis. Singh (2007, p. 177) share the same perspective of Hair et al. (1995) on a less restrictive definition of multivariate analysis. We study Kogid et al. (2010) and Shelleman et al. (2004) as illustrations of how multivariate analysis can be applied. 2.0. Kogid et al. (2010) As indicated in the abstract, the objective of the Kogid et al. (2010, p. 123) is to â€Å"investigate the factors that stimulate and maintain economic growth.† The factors investigated covered consumption expenditure, government expenditure, export, exchange rate, and foreign investments. The research focused on Malaysia and used data from 1970 to 2007. The specific multivariate statistic technique used by the Kogit et al. (2010) is technique known as â€Å"cointegration† and â€Å"causality approach†. Cointegration is discussed in Gujarati (2004, p. 822-826). Causality is discussed in Gujarati (2004, p. 696-702). One important test for causality is in Gujarati (2004, p. 696-702). According to Gujarati (2004, p. ... 822). Most tests of causations use tests of correlations. However, other tests go beyond correlation. One of such tests is the Granger causality test. Granger causality test actually test precedence and precedence is taken to be indicative of causality. Unfortunately, Gujarati (2004) does not record a capability of the Granger causality test to cover more than two variables at time (although it can be argued that the Granger causality test has that potential if a composite value covering several variables is constructed). In contrast, the Wald test as performed by Kogit et al. (2010) implies a capability of the Wald test to investigate relations of causation that involve more than two variables. Extensive search on the Wald Test conducted by this author in the books indicates that the Wald Test for causation is not yet discussed in many of the books. However, the works of Atinay and Karagol (2005), Burda (2001), No and Olatubi (2004), and Zarra and Zarea (2007) have good discussions on the Wald Test. The results of the study of Kogit et al. (2010) indicate that long-run cointegration and short-run causal relationship exists between the investigated factors and economic growth. The fundamental and important finding is all the factors investigated when combined can in their combination cause economic growth in the short-run. However, on their own, the individual regressions indicate that only consumption expenditure and export can on its own cause economic growth in the short-run. For brevity, we reproduce only the key test which is the causality test. The causality test is captured by Table 1. Table 1. Multivariate and Bivariate Causality Tests Using the Error Correction Model (ECM) Source: Table 3 of Kogit et

Growing Fats Fast Essay Example for Free

Growing Fats Fast Essay Does eating in â€Å"fast food† restaurants or outlets cause obesity? This question has caused controversy, since in the past years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of people and families eating away from home. Due to several factors such as rushing for the job, ease of preparation, maybe good taste – more and more people flock to fast food chains. Fast food outlets have been by far the most rapidly expanding sector of the food distribution system, and it has become a worldwide phenomena. Consumers patronize fast food chains and the hamburgers and French fries that they serve have been shown to be positively associated with increase in weight. Studies have likewise shown that when analyzed, the nutritional content of products sold in â€Å"fast food† restaurants are found to be high in energy density, thus promote high energy intake. A person is classified as obese if he or she is 30 percent above the ideal weight based on height. More and more people fall in this category. The alarming thing about obesity is that children who are overweight are also diagnosed to have diabetes, sleep apnea or respiratory diseases. These were known to have afflicted the adults only in the past years. The argument now is that the current obesity of many people which can lead to many dangerous problems   maybe caused by frequenting fast food restaurants. The high caloric content per serving of the foods results to weight gain for regular customers of fast foods. It must be also observed that fast food restaurants and outlets do not inform their consumers of the high calorie and fat content of the foods they serve, which could be hazardous to the customer’s health. Thus, if we find more and more people filing lawsuits against fast food companies, somehow, it’s reasonable. Fast food companies   should take some responsibility for the products or toxic foods they offer to the victims. â€Å"Free Choice in A Free World† On the other hand, the available data or studies that point out that that there is a direct link or relationship between fast food use and obesity are far from conclusive. It is highly possible that the menus and prices at fast food restaurants maybe an answer to an already increasing demand an increasingly obese population rather than being a direct cause of obesity. Since more and more people are now obese which maybe caused by their lifestyle, then they tend to seek more fast food restaurants which serve large portions and cause lesser time to be served. Likewise, it may also be possible that   demographics and lifestyle characteristics may have caused the problem of obesity. I would like to believe that fast food restaurants may not in themselves make a major independent contribution to obesity. It may also be attributed to lifestyles which are conducive to positive energy balance. Other factors such as long work hours, overlapping schedules, increasing material comforts, which cause change in lifestyles, may also be contributory factors. Some claim that fast foods are addictive. As part of marketing strategy, the foods may indeed be very tasty causing many people to eat more of the food – but in the end, these fast foods should not be held responsible for lack of self-control on the part of the customers. If people know that the foods are bad for them, then stop. We all have free choices- and individuals have to take responsibility for that choice, not the company that provides the food.

Soft Drink Industry: Competition and Structure

Soft Drink Industry: Competition and Structure This work aims to study the way the soft drink industry, a major part of the global beverage industry. The research will provide an introduction of the soft drink industry. Using Porters 5 Forces framework, the research seeks to map the structure of the industry. The research will further analyze the macro-environment of the industry using the PESTEL framework to identify changes in the industry. In addition, the research seeks to identify the structural drivers of change within the industry. The study undertaken intends to focus also on learning about the current stage of industry life cycle and what are the driving traits that make this industry worthwhile. From the above scenarios, the research will identify the most likely scenario for the future of the industry INTRODUCTION The Soft Drink Industry consists of establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing non-alcoholic, carbonated beverages, mineral waters and concentrates and syrups for the manufacture of carbonated beverages. Principal activities and products: Aerated waters; Carbonated beverages; Mineral and spring waters; Soft drink concentrates and syrup; and Soft drink preparation carbonating. (Hrsdc, 2005) The soft-drink battleground has now turned toward new overseas markets. While once the United States, Australia, Japan, and Western Europe were the dominant soft-drink markets, the growth has slowed down dramatically, but they are still important markets for Coca-Cola and Pepsi. However, Eastern Europe, Mexico, China, Saudi Arabia, and India have become the new hot spots. Both Coca-Cola and Pepsi are forming joint bottling ventures in these nations and in other areas where they see growth potential. (Fargos, 2005) Soft drinks are the largest beverage market segment in the global market and are forecasted to reach approximately $550bn in 2013 (business insights, n.d). The key players in this industry are: Coca -Cola Company Pepsi Co Cadbury Nestle Porters Five Forces Bargaining Power of Buyers Different level of bargaining power exist among the group of buyers Vending machine no buyer bargaining power Fast food chain- more bargaining power Bargaining Power of Suppliers Bargaining power of suppliers is weak. The ingredients are easily available and there are many suppliers, reducing companys switching cost. Many substitutes for sugar can be used like corn syrup ,sweetener. Threat of Substitutes The threat of substitutes can be reduced by expanding the products such as non carbonated drinks like juice ,tea, coffee and plain water. Alcohol is a threat too esp. as these companies dont manufacture alcoholic beverage. But due to social, time and health constraints its moderated. Rivalry among Competing Firms one could characterize the soft drink market as a duopoly between Coke and Pepsi, resulting in positive economic profits. There is intense rivalry between coca-cola and Pepsi. there is no price differentiation and consumer has no brand loyalty. Threat of New Entrants It would be nearly impossible for a new bottler to enter the industry because of the tremendous market presence of Coke, Pepsi, and a few others .Soft drink industry require substantial capital investment, which would deter entry. Further existing bottlers had exclusive territories in which to distribute their products PESTEL ANALYSIS (P)olitical Factors Non-alcoholic beverages fall within the food category under the FDA. The government plays a role within the operation of manufacturing these products in terms of regulations. There are severe penalties set by the government on companies if they try to violate the laws. (Pbawa, n.d.) (E)conomic Factors There is a deep impact of Recession on Soft drink industry. If cost of raw material rises than production costs will increase. The companies are vulnerable to exchange rate fluctuations, resulting in a drop in profits through foreign currency earned versus production investment. (S)ocial Factors Many people are concerned about their healthier lifestyles. They are switching to bottled water and diet colas instead of beer and other alcoholic beverages. Consumers from the ages of 37 to 55 are also increasingly concerned with nutrition. They are becoming more concerned with increasing their longevity (T)echnological Factors The new technology of internet and television which use special effects make some products look attractive. This helps in selling of the products. Introduction of cans and plastic bottles have increased sales for Coca-Cola as these are easier to carry .As the new technology in packaging system rise the production higher. (E)nvironmental Factors Soft drink industry degrade the environment by transport and fuel wastage ,industries production and waste process. They are required to have more eco friendly products and practices now. While coca cola and pepsi both are emphasizing on recycling of cans. (L)egal Factors Legal restrictions are put in place so that companies products do not fool and harm the consumer. Companies are required to aware the consumer about negative health impact of soft drink and also mention the ingredients and warning on product. Structural Drivers of change Social/demographic The consumer has slowly become more health conscious. . Changing consumer demographics resulting in changing consumer tastes and increased demand for healthier products. There is a increased in competition from other non-alcoholic beverages, such as energy drinks and sports drinks. Packaging and distribution The majority of soft drinks are sold in aluminium cans and PET plastic bottles. They are also sold in bulk through soda fountains. Bottles, most of which comprise PET plastic, Only a very small portion of soft drinks are still packaged in glass bottles .Companies are trying to make packaging more eco friendly such as many companies have introduced re-sealable packs which can be resealed after drinking. The industry distributes its products through supermarkets and grocery stores, drug stores, convenience stores and gas outlets, mass merchandisers and warehouse outlets. The foodservice and hospitality industry, in particular fast food outlets, is another method of distribution. Vending machines also provide a distribution channel for these products. Now the companies can directly sell to the consumer, reducing their dependence on distributors, decreasing costs and increases direct contact with the consumers. (Hrsdc, 2005) Industry Life Cycle The soft drinks market is now in the matured stage of the life cycle. Growth in the industry has remained stagnant. It is natural for product to go in decline stage but coca cola and Pepsi Delay this decline by constantly developing the product or brand in order to extend the cycle. Coca Cola has maintained its leadership for several years. The reason behind is that it constantly developing its brand image and reinforcing the core product benefit of taste and refreshment to ensure that brand remain in maturity stage. . As in a mature industry, it is characterised by high competition, price wars and competitive advantage through economies of scale. As in their domestic market is saturated so many companies are now turned towards overseas markets. Another way to extend the product in a life cycle is to adapt it as consumer s needs change. For example when consumers attitude towards health and diet is changing than coca cola has introduced diet coke. Also these companies have aggressive and high advertising spends in order to maintain a reminder of their products in the minds of the consumers. (Irish Times, 2000) Future Scenario The soft drink industry can have 3 possible scenarios in its long term future which are as follows:- Health conscious Now days consumer are more concerned about their health. Consumers are also aware of the negative health impact of soft drinks (esp. carbonated), like lowering bone density, obesity etc. So consumers are looking to the healthier options. So may be the soft drink industry will decline or will be rooted out of the market. Due to the negative image of the soft drink industry ,there may be some restriction or limitation on supply just like hard drink industry. There may be age or quantity restriction like in alcohol or tobacco. This may lead to drop of sales for soft drink industry. Or it could carry on at the same rate as now with steady and predictable growths. There already is a growing demand for healthy juices, fruit drinks, cereals etc. thus the industries should continue product innovation and expansion of their product line. Diversification and Market share As saturation is taking place in soft drink industry , companies will start diversifying into new product categories and markets. Also, having a diverse product line will make the industry very stable, which is appealing to investors and creditors. Soft drink industry could diversify into many segment. .. So they should diversify according to the consumer needs. Kids segment will be another market that companies will directly begin to target because this is the market where soft drink industry get most of it sales. So there may be low calorie drinks that will do good for the kids and will be the trend in all households. Soft drink industry also diversify on alcoholic beverages. They will make the combination of little percent of alcohol with soft drink which is already popular to attract the hard drink customers. As alcohol is a substitute threat for soft drink this would minimize their risk. Another Possible future is, to expand their global market share. This is very important to sustain because it is the source of the majority of their profits. If they lose global market share, their profits will decline dramatically. So soft drink should take over the local drinks in different countries. Each country has its own local product based on traditional flavours and tastes. The soft drink companies could expand into this new market too. So soft drink industry should acquire local companies and manufacturing these drinks on a mass scale. Special drinks By continually introducing new products, soft drink industry will be able to increase their profits and allow the company to continue to grow. They should introduced special drinks to attract the customer . The global soft drinks market is estimated to reach a value of around $ 49.9 billion by the end of 2014. As with all functional soft drinks (FSDs), the original target segment who initially bought this concept 16 to 30 year olds are growing older and entering a different lifecycle that requires less energy stimulation. Maintaining interest in the sports drinks sector will be vital in order for steady growth to continue. Sports drinks glucose enhancing drinks and all others that specifically boost certain needs of the body Along with new and innovative flavours, which also require a level of familiarity and recognition is important for competing in the saturated soft drinks industry. Consumers also want to see that the product is naturally good for them . The more portions of fruit or vegetables a drink contains so that it tastes good over a normal soft drink Most Likely Scenario The most likely scenario will be the diversification and expansion for the future of the industry. As this industry is already in saturated stage so this scenario will be very helpful. There will be some stage when people get bored with the soft drinks. . Diversification and expansion will create more scope for innovation, profits and new market in these sectors individually by sharing of customers and resources and also enhance performance of the core industry. If the industry wants to keep moving and doesnt want to slipped in decline stage than industry have to adopt the diverse and expand strategy in other segments to keep profit going.

History of Communism Containment

History of Communism Containment After the Second World War, the United States began seeing an expansion of communism into Eastern Europe and sought to stop the spread of communism by adopting a policy of containment. The U.S and President Truman saw the Soviet Union to be a serious threat to the free world and as a result, they were about to enter a new kind of war: the Cold War. After defeating Germany during World War II, most of Europe and Asia lay in ruins, and on the horizon a new threat appeared, communism. Even though the U.S. and the Soviet Union were allies during World War II, they both emerged from the war as global powers, with differences on their perspectives of the world. Both nations were competing with each other economically and militarily and where in at an impasse. The U.S. was the richest country in the world and it promoted democracy and capitalism, while the Soviets thought communism was a better (political system because it transformed their economy and status in the world from nothing but a declining empire to a super power once again) (StudyWorld). By 1947, relations between the two countries had broken down completely. President Truman took decisive steps to contain Soviet expansion in regions in which the U.S. had vital interests. With the takeover of Greece and Turkey by a Soviet backed guerilla movement, this was the first sign of communist aggression that forced the U.S. to react. In March 1947, Truman decided to (draw a line in the sand)(US History)by asking Congress to appropriate $400 million for these two nations to help them in the form of military and economic assistance. The Truman Doctrine came about as direct result of the Soviet aggression and was basically an (open pact to any group willing to stand against communism, guaranteeing them military and financial aid)(US Dept of State). This is also the beginning of an embarrassing an unprecedented series of foreign policy blunders on the part of the U.S. The Truman Doctrine would later be used to justify shady actions in Korea, Vietnam, and Cuba. The second step in containment was the Marshall Plan, which provided economic relief to the rebuilding of Western European nations such as Great Britain, France, Belgium and even Germany. By boosting these economies, the U.S. ensured that (communism would not rise in any of these countries from a weak economy)(Studynotes). Four years later, not only were the Western European industries producing twice the amount that they had before war broke out, but the U.S. saw a postwar economic boom with record levels of trade. At first the U.S. Congress wasnt in favor of the proposed plan, but following a coup by communist in Czechoslovakia, they approved it. An official alliance with other nations that opposed communism came to be after the coup in Czechoslovakia. In April 1949, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was founded. The countries agreed that they would (stand by each other as one, and any attack on a member of the alliance is an attack on all)(US Dept of State). At the time, this was a great idea; trying to prevent communism from taking over the world. But as time went by, we have come to realize that as a part of NATO, the U.S. is the majority partner, and is becoming the worlds police and major contributor of the funds for these efforts. I think that the U.S. needs to withdraw from NATO and try and get the U.S. back to status of the worlds super power. We dont have the funds to bail out the rest of the world, when our own economy is in such dire straits. Being a member of NATO, provides a presidential loophole for military intervention by America in any foreign struggle without Congress declaring war, which is a bad idea. All this did was force the Soviet Union to flex its muscles and in 1955, it formed an alliance, known as the Warsaw Pact, with other Eastern European nations, such as Poland, Bulgaria, E. Germany, and Romania. Now, these countries are (no more than puppet nations held by the Grand Puppeteer, Russia)(Pieper). In one fell swoop the Soviet Union (gained almost as much land as Napoleon or Hitler; but without a war)(US History). Americas idea of a united effort at the containment of Communism had exponential grown into a united expansion of communism, just the opposite effect the U.S. was trying to accomplish. After World War II, redrawing of boundaries all over the world came about. Korea, who was conquered by Japan during the war, was divided at the 38th parallel, and the northern part of the country was given to the Soviet Union and the southern half to the U.S. In 1950, the Soviets left N. Korea leaving a communist regime behind. That regime, funded and equipped by China, invaded S. Korea. The United Nations, led, of course, by the United States, (raised an army to restore peace and expel the aggressors)(Pieper). The U.S. established a cease-fire zone, but not before the victory changed hands twice and lasted three years. Some might say that (communism in this case was successfully contained but with the loss of 53,000 American lives in a fruitless attempt to topple a regime is hardly a victory)(US Dept of State). Another failure of containment by the United States would be in Vietnam. After the fighting with France ended in 1954, Vietnam was split in two like Korea, North Vietnam being Communist and South Vietnam led by the Vietnamese who supported the French. In 1963, the South Vietnamese leader was assassinated, and the U.S. sent over American troops to support the non-Communist regime, while in accordance with the Truman Doctrine. The resulting struggle would prove to be (the most agonizing and long defeat of the American military in history)(StudyWorld). Two elements of the U.Ss failure of Vietnam were trying to win a traditional war in a guerrilla setting and not having full support of the U.S. people. This resulted in a loss of 68,000 U.S. soldiers and over 400,000 South Vietnamese. The U.S. started withdrawing troops in 1973, but by 1976, all of Vietnam came under communist rule, proving once again that containment didnt work. Even after the Korean War and the creation of the Warsaw Pact, the expansion of communism was not over. In 1959, a rag-tag band of guerillas overtook the government of Cuba and it fell under Fidel Castros regime. The U.S. was unwilling or unprepared to stop this, either for fear of judgment from the international community or of the (shortsightedness caused by a general distaste for Cubas previous government)(Nuclearfiles). This would later come back to haunt them, in both the Bay of Pigs fiasco and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Realizing the problem that Castro could cause, the U.S. planned a literal exertion of the Truman Doctrine. President Kennedy ordered the execution of The Bay of Pigs operation and in April 1961, 1500 Cuban exiles landed in the Bay of Pigs. American air support never arrived and the plan backfired and all of the exiles were gunned down mercilessly. Again containment was once again dashed. A year later was probably the scariest moment of the Cold War. The Soviet Union made a deal with Castro to place nuclear missiles on Cuba and those missiles gave the Soviets a chance to hit U.S. soil without an air offensive. The range of those missiles was 3000 miles, which could demolish the whole eastern seaboard. After a U2 flight over Cuba, President Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba and stated that any further attempts to arm Cuba would result in an act of war. The Soviets backed down and removed the silos from Cuba. It was found later, that Russias president made a secret deal with the U.S. agreeing to remove the missiles from Cuba if the U.S. would remove missiles from Turkey. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a (propaganda victory for the U.S. and an undisclosed blow to containment)(Nuclearfiles). Even though 1989 marked the end of the Cold War, some say that since the Soviet Union ultimately fell, the policy of containment was successful. I think this is wrong. The Soviet Union fell under its own weight; the countries expenditures were huge. They had a very large army to support and the cost of such a large country could not be sustained, leaving them no choose but to declare bankruptcy. Another symbol of the U.S. failures to contain communism, is that the nations under the Soviet bloc remain to this day; Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba, and China are still completely Communist nations. Not only was American (containment in the height of the Cold War a failure)(US History), those failures can still be seen to this day. And if the U.S. isnt careful, we too could come under communist rule due to our astronomical debt in which China holds the note. Works Citied Containment of Communism Nuclearfiles.org. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. 1998-2012. Web. 5 Nov 12 Pieper, Moritz. Containment and the Cold War: Reexaming the Doctrine of Containment as a Grand Strategy Driving US Cold War Interventions. Student Pulse. 2012. Web. 5 Nov 12. Studynotes.org. 2008. Web. 5 Nov 12. Studyworld.com. Oakwood Mgt. 1996-2012. Web. 5 Nov 12. U.S. Department of State. Office of the Historian. US Department of State. Web. 6 Nov 12. USHistory.org. Containment and the Marshall Plan. Hall Assoc. 2008-2012. Web. 5 Nov 12

The Definition of Insanity as it Relates to Criminal Offences :: Criminal Justice

The insanity defense is a defense asserted by an accused in a criminal prosecution to avoid liability for the commission of a crime because, at the time of the crime, the person did not appreciate the nature or quality or wrongfulness of the acts. The insanity defense is used by criminal defendants. The most common variation is cognitive insanity. Under the test for cognitive insanity, a defendant must have been so impaired by a mental disease or defect at the time of the act that he or she did not know the nature or quality of the act, or, if the defendant did know the nature or quality of the act, he or she did not know that the act was wrong. The vast majority of states allow criminal defendants to invoke the cognitive insanity defense. Another form of the insanity defense is volitional insanity, or Irresistible Impulse. A defense of irresistible impulse asserts that the defendant, although able to distinguish right from wrong at the time of the act, suffered from a mental disease or defect that made him or her incapable of controlling her or his actions. This defense is common in crimes of vengeance. For example, suppose that a child has been brutally assaulted. If an otherwise conscientious and law-abiding mother shoots the perpetrator, the mother may argue that she was so enraged that she became mentally ill and incapable of exerting self-control. Very few states allow the volitional insanity defense. The insanity defense should not be confused with Incompetency. Persons who are incompetent to stand trial are held in a mental institution until they are considered capable of participating in the proceedings.The insanity defense also should be kept separate from issues concerning mental retardation. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 2002 in Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 122 S. Ct. 2242, 153 L. Ed. 2d 335 (2002) that the execution of mentally retarded criminals constituted "cruel and unusual punishment" and that it was prohibited by Eighth Amendment. But if a person is acquitted by reason of insanity, execution is not an option. The insanity defense reflects the generally accepted notion that persons who cannot appreciate the consequences of their actions should not be punished for criminal acts. Most states regulate the defense with statutes, but a few states allow the courts to craft the rules for its proper use. Generally, the defense is available to a criminal defendant if the judge instructs the jury that it may consider whether the defendant was insane when the crime was committed.

Internet, Extranet, Email in companies Essay -- essays research papers

The ever-changing world of technology is making the world become smaller every day. Businesses and organizations are taking advantage of the advances in technology to improve their organizations. Technology’s influence reaches beyond improving relations within an organization to enhancing an organization’s ability to service its customers. But even more than that technology is influencing the shape of the organization itself. In order to realize the impact of technology on business organizations, the following paper will focus on how organizations use technology within an organization (intranet, email), how organizations use technology to communicate with and service clients or customers, and finally how organizations are using the current technology to train both employees and customers. How are businesses utilizing technology with their organizations? Email Many businesses at the very least are taking advantage of the current technology to implement email systems. Email systems, in addition to traditional methods of communication including telephones, voice mail and face-to-face interactions are increasing the ease of communication between people in an organization. Through the use of email, people are able to send messages on a one-to-one basis, or to send broadcast messages to an entire organization, or to send messages to a specific group or department. Email provides an alternative to the traditional face-to-face or telephone communication that is necessary in business. With the increased productivity and demands that accompany day-to-day operations, people are always looking for ways to do more in less time. A written message sent via email can be short concise and to the point, eliminating some of the small talk that would normally take place in a face-to-face or telephone interaction. Another advantage of email is that people are able to respond when it is convenient for them. In a society where time is of the essence, people are able to sort through messages and to prioritize which ones should be addressed first. Furthermore, some people prefer sending email messages instead of face-to-face interactions because they are more likely to be intimidated by face-to-face communication. Email gives those types of people the freedom and the opportunity to say exactly what is on their mind. Electronic messaging systems are also a great asset to a manager... ...that studies to measure differences in student performance should go beyond just grades. Therefore, additional studies have included outcomes including student involvement, and participation, cognitive engagement, technology self-efficacy, attitudes toward the technology employed, the usefulness of the technology, attitudes toward technology-mediated distance learning and the relative advantage and disadvantage of distance learning . In order to achieve learning most effectively, methods should include the use of rich media, interaction between students and instructors, and instructors who project positive attitudes. As technology continues to advance, distance learning will continue to become more like traditional classroom training. More people are looking for alternative means for continuing education. Continuing education in organizations is becoming the rule, not the exception. In all areas, internally and externally organizations are embracing technology to get in touch with their workers and the world. The dynamic nature of technology will continue to push organizations in new directions and will continue to play a role in defining and shaping the organizations themselves.

Foundation and Empire 3. The Dead Hand

Bel Riose interrupted his annoyed stridings to look up hopefully when his aide entered. â€Å"Any word of the Starlet?† â€Å"None. The scouting party has quartered space, but the instruments have detected nothing. Commander Yume has reported that the Fleet is ready for an immediate attack in retaliation.† The general shook his head. â€Å"No, not for a patrol ship. Not yet. Tell him to double – Wait! I'll write out the message. Have it coded and transmitted by tight beam.† He wrote as he talked and thrust the paper at the waiting officer. â€Å"Has the Siwennian arrived yet?† â€Å"Not yet.† â€Å"Well, see to it that he is brought in here as soon as he does arrive.† The aide saluted crisply and left. Riose resumed his caged stride. When the door opened a second time, it was Ducem Barr that stood on the threshold. Slowly, in the footsteps of the ushering aide, he stepped into the garish room whose ceiling was an ornamented holographic model of the Galaxy, and in the center of which Bel Riose stood in field uniform. â€Å"Patrician, good day!† The general pushed forward a chair with his foot and gestured the aide away with a â€Å"That door is to stay closed till I open it.† He stood before the Siwennian, legs apart, hand grasping wrist behind his back, balancing himself slowly, thoughtfully, on the balls of his feet. Then, harshly, â€Å"Patrician, are you a loyal subject of the Emperor?† Barr, who had maintained an indifferent silence till then, wrinkled a noncommittal brow. â€Å"I have no cause to love Imperial rule.† â€Å"Which is a long way from saying that you would be a traitor.† â€Å"True. But the mere act of not being a traitor is also a long way from agreeing to be an active helper.† â€Å"Ordinarily also true. But to refuse your help at this point,† said Riose, deliberately, â€Å"will be considered treason and treated as such.† Barr's eyebrows drew together. â€Å"Save your verbal cudgels for your subordinates. A simple statement of your needs and wants will suffice me here.† Riose sat down and crossed his legs. â€Å"Barr, we had an earlier discussion half a year ago.† â€Å"About your magicians?† â€Å"Yes. You remember what I said I would do.† Barr nodded. His arms rested limply in his lap. â€Å"You were going to visit them in their haunts, and you've been away these four months. Did you find them?† â€Å"Find them? That I did,† cried Riose. His lips were stiff as he spoke. It seemed to require effort to refrain from grinding molars. â€Å"Patrician, they are not magicians; they are devils. It is as far from belief as the outer galaxies from here. Conceive it! It is a world the size of a handkerchief, of a fingernail; with resources so petty, power so minute, a population so microscopic as would never suffice the most backward worlds of the dusty prefects of the Dark Stars. Yet with that, a people so proud and ambitious as to dream quietly and methodically of Galactic rule. â€Å"Why, they are so sure of themselves that they do not even hurry. They move slowly, phlegmatically; they speak of necessary centuries. They swallow worlds at leisure; creep through systems with dawdling complacence. â€Å"And they succeed. There is no one to stop them. They have built up a filthy trading community that curls its tentacles about the systems further than their toy ships dare reach. For parsecs, their Traders – which is what their agents call themselves – penetrate.† Ducem Barr interrupted the angry flow. â€Å"How much of this information is definite; and how much is simply fury?† The soldier caught his breath and grew calmer. â€Å"My fury does not blind me. I tell you I was in worlds nearer to Siwenna than to the Foundation, where the Empire was a myth of the distance, and where Traders were living truths. We ourselves were mistaken for Traders.† â€Å"The Foundation itself told you they aimed at Galactic dominion?† â€Å"Told me!† Riose was violent again. â€Å"It was not a matter of telling me. The officials said nothing. They spoke business exclusively. But I spoke to ordinary men. I absorbed the ideas of the common folk; their ‘manifest destiny,' their calm acceptance of a great future. It is a thing that can't be hidden; a universal optimism they don't even try to hide.† The Siwennian openly displayed a certain quiet satisfaction. â€Å"You will notice that so far it would seem to bear out quite accurately my reconstruction of events from the paltry data on the subject that I have gathered.† â€Å"It is no doubt,† replied Riose with vexed sarcasm, â€Å"a tribute to your analytical powers. It is also a hearty and bumptious commentary on the growing danger to the domains of His Imperial Majesty.† Barr shrugged his unconcern, and Riose leaned forward suddenly, to seize the old man's shoulders and stare with curious gentleness into his eyes. He said, â€Å"Now, patrician, none of that. I have no desire to be barbaric. For my part, the legacy of Siwennian hostility to the Imperium is an odious burden, and one which I would do everything in my power to wipe out. But my province is the military and interference in civil affairs is impossible. It would bring about my recall and ruin my usefulness at once. You see that? I know you see that. Between yourself and myself then, let the atrocity of forty years ago be repaid by your vengeance upon its author and so forgotten. I need your help. I frankly admit it.† There was a world of urgency in the young man's voice, but Ducem Barr's head shook gently and deliberately in a negative gesture. Riose said pleadingly, â€Å"You don't understand, patrician, and I doubt my ability to make you. I can't argue on your ground. You're the scholar, not I. But this I can tell you. Whatever you think of the Empire, you will admit its great services. Its armed forces have committed isolated crimes, but in the main they have been a force for peace and civilization. It was the Imperial navy that created the Pax Imperium that ruled over all the Galaxy for thousands of years. Contrast the millennia of peace under the Sun-and-Spaceship of the Empire with the millennia of interstellar anarchy that preceded it. Consider the wars and devastations of those old days and tell me if, with all its faults, the Empire is not worth preserving. â€Å"Consider,† he drove on forcefully, â€Å"to what the outer fringe of the Galaxy is reduced in these days of their breakaway and independence, and ask yourself if for the sake of a petty revenge you would reduce Siwenna from its position as a province under the protection of a mighty Navy to a barbarian world in a barbarian Galaxy, all immersed in its fragmentary independence and its common degradation and misery.† â€Å"Is it so bad – so soon?† murmured the Siwennian. â€Å"No,† admitted Riose. â€Å"We would be safe ourselves no doubt, were our lifetimes quadrupled. But it is for the Empire I fight; that, and a military tradition which is something for myself alone, and which I can not transfer to you. It is a military tradition built on the Imperial institution which I serve.† â€Å"You are getting mystical, and I always find it difficult to penetrate another person's mysticism.† â€Å"No matter. You understand the danger of this Foundation.† â€Å"It was I who pointed out what you call the danger before ever you headed outward from Siwenna.† â€Å"Then you realize that it must be stopped in embryo or perhaps not at all. You have known of this Foundation before anyone had heard of it. You know more about it than anyone else in the Empire. You probably know how it might best be attacked; and you can probably forewarn me of its countermeasures. Come, let us be friends.† Ducem Barr rose. He said flatly, â€Å"Such help as I could give you means nothing. So I will make you free of it in the face of your strenuous demand.† â€Å"I will be the judge of its meaning.† â€Å"No, I am serious. Not all the might of the Empire could avail to crush this pygmy world.† â€Å"Why not?† Bel Riose's eyes glistened fiercely. â€Å"No, stay where you are. I'll tell you when you may leave. Why not? If you think I underestimate this enemy I have discovered, you are wrong. Patrician,† he spoke reluctantly, â€Å"I lost a ship on my return. I have no proof that it fell into the hands of the Foundation; but it has not been located since and were it merely an accident, its dead hulk should, certainly have been found along the route we took. It is not an important loss – less than the tenth part of a fleabite, but it may mean that the Foundation has already opened hostilities. Such eagerness and such disregard for consequences might mean secret forces of which I know nothing. Can you help me then by answering a specific question? What is their military power?† â€Å"I haven't any notion.† â€Å"Then explain yourself on your own terms. Why do you say the Empire can not defeat this small enemy?† The Siwennian seated himself once more and looked away from Riose's fixed glare. He spoke heavily, â€Å"Because I have faith in the principles of psychohistory. It is a strange science. It reached mathematical maturity with one man, Hari Seldon, and died with him, for no man since has been capable of manipulating its intricacies. But in that short period, it proved itself the most powerful instrument ever invented for the study of humanity. Without pretending to predict the actions of individual humans, it formulated definite laws capable of mathematical analysis and extrapolation to govern and predict the mass action of human groups.† â€Å"So-â€Å" â€Å"It was that psychohistory which Seldon and the group he worked with applied in full force to the establishment of the Foundation. The place, time, and conditions all conspire mathematically and so, inevitably, to the development of a Second Galactic Empire.† Riose's voice trembled with indignation. â€Å"You mean that this art of his predicts that I would attack the Foundation and lose such and such a battle for such and such a reason? You are trying to say that I am a silly robot following a predetermined course into destruction.† â€Å"No,† replied the old patrician, sharply. â€Å"I have already said that the science had nothing to do with individual actions. It is the vaster background that has been foreseen.† â€Å"Then we stand clasped tightly in the forcing hand of the Goddess of Historical Necessity.† â€Å"Of Psychohistorical Necessity,† prompted Barr, softly. â€Å"And if I exercise my prerogative of freewill? If I choose to attack next year, or not to attack at all? How pliable is the Goddess? How resourceful?† Barr shrugged. â€Å"Attack now or never; with a single ship, or all the force in the Empire; by military force or economic pressure; by candid declaration of war or by treacherous ambush. Do whatever you wish in your fullest exercise of freewill. You will still lose.† â€Å"Because of Hari Seldon's dead hand?† â€Å"Because of the dead hand of the mathematics of human behavior that can neither be stopped, swerved, nor delayed.† The two faced each other in deadlock, until the general stepped back. He said simply, â€Å"I'll take that challenge. It's a dead hand against a living will.†

Criminological Theory and Burglary Essay

Scarce research is procurable on progressive offenders due to their involuntariness to corporate with researchers and past and convicted offenders may shit changed their perspectives after being convicted or unexpended their lifestyle of flagitious offense. The most reliable entropy on these offenses and their perpetrators may come from expeditious burglars themselves. Richard T. Wright and Scott Deckers book, freebooters on the Job seeks to beg off the reasons why burglars pull in the offensives they do. They come off through sequestraten their research to a nonher level by gown(prenominal)ing the trust of active offenders in the St.Louis land and gown(prenominal)ing inside hunchledge of these criminals daily make loves and their offensive activitys.This piece will address anomie and connect theories and how it relates to the offenders in this as current and the cordialization of these subjects into wickedness and the route elaboration in which they co rroborate a go at it. naturalized Goals? According to Robert Mertons anomie possibility, stack argon non born criminals they adapt to the environment in which they live. Conventional g e precisewherenment agency of arriver a determination argon of x more(prenominal) readily un pull to many anformer(a)(prenominal) than others in our society. Merton suggests that crime is a root of this bias due to the lost culture in America.Our society places not bad(p) emphasis on the American dream b arly conventional means of comer this goal are denied to whatsoever unfortunate item-by-items, placing strain on them. The burglars in Wright and Deckers book fork over conventional goals, only if deprivation the capacity to achieve them by conventional means. burglar 30 dress Smith says, I didnt have the luxury of laying back in no damn pinstriped suit. Im poor and Im raggedy and I read roughly sustenance and I need or so situation So I got to have some m unmatchedy some kind of way.If its got to be the wrong way, accordingly so be it. (pg. 7) This burglar has the conventional goal of buying food and shoes but, as anomie supposition suggest, does not have the conventional means of mystifyting what he insufficiencys, in that locationfore he feeds crime to deem the m unmatchedy to buy what he desires. non e really burglar in this study claimed to have conventional goals, drugs were a usual desire among these offenders as well. These burglars want to demoralise high and troupe continuously, but quite a than gain legitimate soundout to depict their habits, they would rather burglarize a abidance to gain the financial means to elapse the party going.This is evident in one burglars response to why he chooses to vest the crimes he does. Burglar 009 Richard Jackson replies, You ever had an commend onward? Maybe a cigarette urge or a food urge, where you run down that and you get to have more and more? Thats how the crack is. You smoke it and it hits you in the back of the throat and you got to have more(pg. 39) The volume of these offenders wanted the status and manner of being successful, the American Dream, but needinessed the resources or drives to reach their goals conventionally. The book describes the majority of the offenders as having very hardly a(prenominal) resources in which to seduce with.Wright and Decker write, Decent employment opportunities are limited for inner city residents and the offenders, who by large are poorly educated, unskilled, and surd illicit drugs and alcohol users, are not well placed to compete for the few good transactions available. (pg. 50) When field researchers asked them why they chose burglary over other legitimate means some replied that they were unable to gain suitable employment or they just didnt want a job to infringe on their current lifestyles. Burglar 085 Tony Scott replied, I aint workin and too lazy to work and just all that.I manage it to where I can jus t run around(pg. 48) Some burglars wished to gain lawful employment, Wright and Decker write, 43 of the 78 unemployed subjects who state they did burglaries mostly for the money claimed they would stop committing offenses if someone gave them a good job. (pg. 49) Since the overall first moment of these offenders was financially motivated, conventional goals are stupefy as is innovation. Some of these offenders burglarized for drugs, take down burglarizing their drug dealers home, qualification them rebels instead of innovators.Burglar 24 crowd together Brown says, My house burglaries are ground on dope dealers. (pg. 66) Merton describes rebels as those who lack conventional goals and the conventional means of reaching them. I would even describe some of them as retreatist, according to Mertons theory, as they use drugs and criminal behavior as a way to escape the pressures or strains placed on them. One burglar, Ricky Davis 015 describes how he burglarizes and spends his mon ey on drugs, alcohol, and prostitution. He has go-as-you-please goals, with no apparent desire to live a conventional lifestyle.He says, I spend the money on something to drink, therefore get me some marijuana. Then Im gonna find me a duck. (pg. 42) infirm Social bonds A bond theory explanation would suggest that the offenders lacked adequate companionable bonds which, in turn, gave them the freedom to commit crimes. They did not have the parental guidance to leading them away from crime. The brotherly bonds in Travis Hirshis bond theory are attachment, commitment, stake, and belief. several(prenominal) of these offenders seemed to be lacking in at least one of these areas. Attachment, or unrestrained closeness to others, was lacking in many of these offenders.They were more attached to the street culture than decent culture. Those offenders who did mention their families never utter of engagement with them other than in the mise en scene of trying to borrow money from th em or burglarizing them. This shows that these offenders had very weak, if any, attachment bonds. Most of these offenders had very little commitment either. As verbalise earlier, they had little education, no jobs, and no social networks to deter them from a life of crime. They had cryptograph or almost nothing to lose. The offenders involvement in conventional activities was also very limited.Their strongest involvements seemed to be with their street life. They felt that jobs or other conventional activities would damper their party age. Burglar 85 Scott says, I aint got to go to bed at a certain time to get up at a certain time. Go to bed around one oclock or whenever I want. Aint got to go to work and work eight hours. Just go in and do a cardinal minute job, get that money, and thats basically it. (pg. 48) It is the quick and easy, with very little preparation or movement, that makes burglary a choice crime for these offenders.While some offenders seemed to hold some co nventional moral values, others seemed only to be thinking of themselves in their day to day activities. Burglar 13 Larry Washington states, see, if you pilfer a person, they can list you private road you lookin right at em you k nowadays? They lookin right at you and they can identify you. And armed robbery is what? Five to ten years? Or ten to 15 years? This offender prefers burglary over robbery out of fear of a harsher penalty for himself if caught. He shows no consideration of the victim.Burglar 79 Die Leo, on the other hand, did show some compassion for a victim in his statement, Id never personally rob a human being, like walk up to them and say, Give me your wallet and give me your suitcase No Way Hirishi confided that all peck are equally motivated to commit crimes but that need in itself was not strong enough to overpower their social bonds and push them into a life of crime. The lack of these social bonds gave them the freedom to commit their crimes, and the motivation was already present as it is in all people. The social bond theory generally sums up crime as it relates to their social bonds.As these bonds weaken and jump to deteriorate, the restraints that once bound you and kept you durable by the law are loosened. This differs from anomie theory in that, anomie explains crime as being a result of strain placed on an soul from income inequality, socioeconomic status, etc. These theories are both plausible explanations as to why these offenders committed their crimes. High strain and lack of unshakable bonds may both play a vital role in criminal roles. Now lets take a look at how socializing and continence relate to crime. Socialization and self ControlSocialization into crime refers to an individual who conforms to the norms and roles in their given communities. I believe that these offenders criminality can be attributed to their culture into an environment that values diminished self- check out. The offenders in this stu dy exhibited spontaneity in their decisions to commit burglaries, amplifying their lack of self-control. These offenders learned a outstanding deal about their communities, the people who live in it and their vulnerabilities and so were able to commit their crimes putting forth little effort or planning.In my opinion there is a connection between criminality, low-down self-control, and the culture of immediate gratification. These offenders seem to have gone through a bring starting off with socialising into street culture which leads them to a lack of self-control, and then the culture of immediate gratification. To simplify Gottfredson and Hirishis self-control theory, I would say that low self-control is related to crime and that need for immediate gratification and low self-control are connecting factors that contribute to criminal behavior.These offenders are accustomed to spending a rotary of time on street corners with other offenders, learning the ways of the street, so to speak. This is their socialization period. Once they are socialized into crime they lose their sense of self control. These offenders ostensibly dont have such(prenominal) guidance from their parents or others because they are dole out so much free time to commit their crimes. This tells me that their parents likely dont have strong social control either. Once their social control is lost, they ache for immediate gratification.They want things right now they are not willing to count until they can find a job and get it conventionally. All the research do by Wright and Decker has shed light on the lifestyle of an active burglar. As mentioned in the introduction, this research is scarce but could be much more reliable than research conducted with offenders who are no longer active burglars. This type of field research should be continued and expanded with all types of crimes, which may give us a relegate understanding of what drives people to commit them and in the long run may assistance us understand how to stop them.

The Port of Singapore: a Reflective Essay

Compe truly Address 08 F all in all The appearance of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore Prep bed by Rajib Das, Student 38410098 This roll disc economic consumptions closely the fashion wine of Singapore and the strategic im larboardance of its location to the modern traders. It likewise discusses the g every spotlightnment incentives and the Advanced nurture engine room that the style has been using to attract bleak trans mienation companies in the recent past. Anything beyond is non discussed for the limitation of the term paper. display board of Contents The look of Singapore3 Singapore strategical sizeableness of the Geographic Location. 4 The Adoption of IT 6 governance Incentives9 Competition10 Conclusions11 accompaniment12 Citations16 The expression of singapore over the final stage 40 age, the sphere has been a wed with the unbelievable return of the is shoot nation into a major trans lookholeation epicentre of spherical trading. In the 1970s ,the port of Singapore pioneered the firstly container port in the history. By 1980s the port hit its first milestone of handling 1 trillion TEUs and within the next 10 days by 1990s ( way of Singapore yearly Reports), the port was handling 5 jillion TEU (Twenty foot equivalent container units)per annum.Today, near 20 years by and by the big landmark, the port handles over 28 zillion TEUs (Port of Singapore Annual Reports) per year qualification it the mo largest port in the entire creative activity after the Port of Shanghai in monetary value of Container job. The container venturements from the Port of Singapore symbolize of one fifth of the humans container postment volume (Authority). The port in like manner takes immense pride in transport half of the orbits yearly crude oil supply. In terms of total cargo volume, the port handles about 500000 thousand freight tonnes per year (Authority) which makes it the reciprocal ohm busiest port in the world after the Port of Shanghai .Today the Port Singapore is connected to 123 ports of the world spreading over 123 countries and 6 continents, making it one of the roughly important ports of the world. Singapore Strategic Importance of the geographical Location The immensity of the Geographical location of Singapore has been largely satisfying since trading commencement exerci gossipd mingled with Asiatic, North Ameri fag end and the European continents. The Singapore passport has been apply intemperately for trading by the Romans, Chinese, Arabs, Greeks and the Indians since cadence immemorial (Gupta).After the Suez Canal opened in the mid 1800s, the Singapore Strait pay off become a vital gene linkage of trade between the powerful European nations and East Asia. The Singapore Strait is pleasing to traders because it is the shortest and gimcrackes t sea-link between the Pacific marine and the Indian Ocean (Gupta). With the advent of the large japanese car manufacturing labor , the textile industriousness of South Asia and the heavy outsourcing of the North American manufacturing plants in the last 30 years, Asia is no longer a continent which in the first place exports low-valued raw materials to be processed in the West.The flow of more expensive fabricate goods from the East to the West live with proliferated in the last 30 years. (Sie) As a result, fare and transportation costs involve become even further slight inelastic fostering the immense growth of the conveyance industry of Singapore. Although it is often not in the limelight, but the South-east Asiatic nations have a large prove of oil- refineries which have led to the heavy shipping traffic of the crude oil with the strait of Singapore. Taiwan has a oil refining capacity of . 54 trillion b/cd and South Korea has a capacity of 1 million b/cd alongside Singapore.Japan and China go past the list with a capacity of 4. 7 and 2. 2 million b/cd respectively. (Olson) Apart from China which has a self-sufficient production of crude oil, every separate nations depend on the Middle-Eastern countries for their oil supplies. Japan alone imported 130 million tonnes and 195 million tonnes of crude oil from the Middle-East and the African nations in the years 1990 and 2010 respectively (Olson). owe to these heavy demand for crude oil, the Port of Singapore has been responsible for transporting half of the worlds oil supply in the year 2010.Owing to its prime geographic location and heavy political science incentives and a base of culture engineering science discussed subsequent in the paper, majority of the exports from Singapore is base on re-exports from other(a) countries . There are about 60000 ship movements annually in the Strait of Singapore. In 2010, the Port of Singapore transhipped 17447,000 TEUs which constituted al or so 82 ( Statistics)% of Singapores annual export . Today, the port of Singapore is the busiest Port in the population in terms of transhipment of containers.Port of Singapore operations The Port of Singapore has 6 terminals to withstand all types of vessels-ocean literary argumentrs, lighters, cargo freighters, coasters, break mint carriers and container ships. The 6 terminals are Keppel Terminal, Brani Terminal, Pasir Panjang Terminal, Sembawang Wharves and Pasir Panjang Wharves . The Wharves terminals can drive all kinds of vessel while the other terminals are specialized meant for the containers vessels. The Port of Singapores containers facilities are listed as follows * Number of Terminals 4 Area 436 hectares * k outrighting capacity 24700 kTEU * Quay cranes 143 * Maximum draft 16 m * Quay length 12800 m jibe to the Global Competitive Report create by the World economical Forum, Port of Singapore ranked the best port in terms of facilities and received a rating of 6. 76 out of a supreme 7. The adoption of instruction technology Over the last few years The Port of Singapore has invested heavily in Information Technology which means that processes now are a push-down stack faster, more genuine and more cost effective for the consumers.Making the most out of the in vogue(p) automation technology, breeding technology and wireless communications, the Port of Singapore combined its large ground experience in container operations with the latest technology much(prenominal) as CITOS( data processor integrated Terminal Operations System), PORTNET and scat through with(predicate) Gate Technology. CITOS(Computer Integrated Terminal in operation(p) System) Singapore Ports vast meshing and heavy shipping traffic is very efficiently controlled by Computer Integrated Terminal Operations System(CITOS).CITOS is a Resource Planning System that prevents crosscut of every asset from prime movers to gm cranes to quay cranes to containers and drivers. sooner CITOS was introduced, preferences were allocated to a certain place in the port and they stayed there unless it was unavoidable somewhere else. With CITOS, resources can be a great deal easily coordinated and allocated. 60 incompatible vessels harbour the Singapore Port on a given day. Although a lot of these vessels arrive out of schedule, CITOS make convinced(predicate) that they take ont have to expect in the harbour for a minute.When any shipping line applies for a berth, the ship stowage and the shipping connection breeding is sent to the port through PORTNET . The CITOS establishment begins planning the berth of the shipping line virtually 72 hours prior stretch which means that the scheme also encrypt other alternatives in case that the vessel is off schedule. This means that for almost all the vessels that harbour the Port of Singapore, there is almost zero waiting time. (Authority) Once a ship is harboured, the quay cranes operated by the CITOS system s tart discharging containers destined for other ports and load boxes brought in by other vessels.Once containers are discharge on the give chase, they are not haphazard voluptuous on the yard. The Information about the container is fed into the system and CITOS generates a ship stowage and yard layout plans base on the following factors in order of importance * Special requirements (e. g. Dangerous goods, tight connections etc) * refinement * Ship stability (for further stowage planning) * Size * Weight The CITOS system provides numerous private-enterprise(a) advantages to the Port of Singapore. It allows the system to keep track and locate every whiz container on the port.It allows the maximum use of land and optimize efficiency. Last, but not the least, it ensures maximum utilization of each individual resource since it is pre-planned by the system beforehand. PORTNET PORTNET is a cyberspace service that provides internet connectivity to the entire port community with a si ngle sign-on network portal. The system provides interconnectivity between vessels, freight forwarders, government agencies and haulers. This helps them to synchronize and manage discipline much give away.PORTNET Singapore has about 8000 users who use the system to get true(a) time, detailed information on all port, logistics and shipping processes and use it to make critical decisions in their business. The briny functions of PORTNET Singapore is summarized below * Enable shipping companies to monitor their own performance * tin a documentation portal between the consumers and the shipping company, * Managing efficiency for transhipment processes of the vessels * Supporting real time information exchanges between shipping line alliances. FLOW THROUGH GATEThe Flow through gate system is a sustainable paper-less system that helps motortruck drivers to set the specific containers that is needed to be laden onto the truck within a brace of 20-25 seconds. On average, the system p rocesses about 8000 trucks per day. Before the driver arrives at the dock, he submits a requisition for the containers through the PORTNET system. After the driver arrives at the Port gate, he verifies his personal identity through a fingerprint biometric lector or by punching in his laughable identification play. The gate scans the trucks dashboard and identifies the truck.The Container number Recognition system captures the container number with a close circuit camera. The system wherefore matches these information against the information provided during requisition and clears the truck for entry. After the driver enters the port, the system sends a text message to the drivers mobile phone with the precise information about the location in the dock where the containers would be ready to be stacked onto the truck. Government incentives The Government of Singapore had a major role to play in the boom of the shipping industry in the last 40 years.Singapore has 5 go off Trade Zo nes to encourage Re-exports of goods from other countries. low the Free Trade Act goods could be cleaned ,sorted, distributed, repacked, assembled or sold in treaty with the Act. Under the Act, transhipment goods can be stored in Singapore free of charge with very little custom bureaucracies. In 1991 , The Singapore government enacted the Approved International Shipping(AIS) effort incentive under which shipping companies found on Singapore could be exempted from unified taxes for the initial 10 years and can be renewed even if they dont own their own vessel.In 2009, the Government of Singapore announced their goal of making Singapore the global maritime knowledge hub of the world. Since then the government have heavily invested in research and development of Information Technology in the shipping industry and the Port of Singapore. It has introduced the Maritime Cluster blood line which offers financial funds for training ,various research, engine room and innovation under this field. Such HR incentives have definitely smoothened the transformation of a lot of shipping companies to Singapore in the last two and a half years.COMPETITION As discussed earlier, the Singapore Strait have grown massive importance in the last few decades. Today, Singapore faces massive disputation from the neighbouring ports especially from the port of Tenjung Peepas in Malaysia. In the early 2000, 10 % of the Singapores container volume go to the port in Malaysia owing to the cheap handling charges in the neighbouring country. Statistics shows that, handling charges were about 30-40% lower than Singapore. Many of the neighbouring ports have below-par facilities compared to the Port of Singapore.Hence many of these ports can afford to have much lower handling and receiving charges. Although Singapore have a much better study, the comparatively more expensive character of the Port of Singapore is going to affect to pose a threat to the port in the years to come. COnclusi on The Port of Singapore has a great reputation being the trade epicentre of the world and for being one of the best sea port in the world. Although the port has an small past reputation, the 21st century willing bring about new challenges and competition from neighbouring ports such as Malaysia.The Government of Singapore is doing its best by harnessing advanced Information technology at the Port and providing divergent government incentives to hold its competitive standing. In response, many of the foreign companies such as Clarkson, Swiss Re, Shipowners P&I club and Rolls Royce have moved their devil dog headquarters to Singapore in the last few years. As the supremacy for star ports unfolds, more shipping companies will be taking government incentives and Information Technology for granted.Today more firms are showing fire in ports which have established legal, financial and logistics sector. It will be interesting to see ho the Port of Singapore serve to these new challe nges in the years to come. concomitant Table 2. Containers handled at the prostate specific antigen terminals (source PSA annual report 2000) Year meg TEUs handled 1989 4. 36 1990 5. 22 1991 6. 35 1992 7. 55 1993 9. 04 1994 10. 39 1995 11. 84 1996 12. 93 1997 14. 12 1998 15. 1 1999 15. 9 Appendix 2 Port Rankings according to the World Economic Forum Table 1.Ranking of ports on port facilities as presented in the global competitiveness report published by the world economic forum Rank estate Rating for port facilities are elongated and efficient (1 powerfully disagree, 7 strongly agree) 1 Singapore 6. 76 2 Netherlands 6. 64 3 Canada 6. 42 4 Germany 6. 38 5 Hong Kong SAR 6. 38 6 United States 6. 27 7 Finland 6. 26 8 Belgium 6. 17 9 Denmark 6. 16 10 New Zealand 5. 82 Appendix 3 14. 1 SEA commitment AND SHIPPING STATISTICS 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Vessel Arrivals Number 145,383 130,318 128,922 128,568 131,695 130,575 127,299Shipping tonnage (000 GT) 910,180 1,151,791 1, 314,990 1,459,221 1,621,065 1,784,669 1,919,408 Total Cargo (000 tonnes) 325,591 423,268 448,504 483,616 515,415 472,300 503,342 General 199,577 262,265 281,393 314,917 336,425 280,349 313,683 people 126,014 161,003 167,111 168,699 178,991 191,951 189,659 Total Container Throughput (000 TEUs) 17,087 23,192 24,792 27,935 29,918 25,867 28,431 Bunker Sales (000 tonnes) 18,651 25,479 28,379 31,546 34,936 36,387 40,853 Singapore Ship Registry (End of Period) Number 3,335 3,219 3,249 3,553 3,843 3,950 3,978 000 GT 23,043 32,963 34,793 39,603 43,702 45,632 48,783Works Cited Authority, Port of Singapore. www. singaporepsa. com. Gupta, Sen. The malacca cane Straits and the Indian Ocean A Study of the Strategic and lawful Aspects of a Controversial Sea-lane. New Delhi, 1974. Olson, Hal F. oil well traffic and shipping routes. n. d. Port of Singapore Annual Reports. Port of Singapore, 1970-2010. Sie, Chia Lin. The Straits of Malacca and Singapore Navigational, Resources, and Environmental Considerations. Southeast Asian Seas Frontiers for Development, 1981. Statistics, Singapore Department of. Yearbook of Statistics? . 2011.