Stretching and its Effect on Avoiding Injury free essay sample

This paper examines what occurs in the body during a stretch at the phone level. This paper talks about the significance of extending and shirking of wounds by fixing muscle irregular characteristics, which are an adjustment in the lengths of muscles. The creator remembers material for synergistic strength, equal predominance and techniques of extending. The paper contains research from the National Academy of Sports Medicine, The Journal of Sports Medicine, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. From the Paper: On the off chance that you have ever played games, or done whatever has to do with physical action, you have known somebody who has harmed him/herself from pulling their hamstring, crotch, quadriceps, or other basic muscles. Shockingly, an excessive number of competitors have no clue about why they harmed themselves; they as a rule might suspect it is from abuse, such as running excessively hard, or lifting an absurd measure of weight. Never does one know about a competitor thinking they were harmed due to muscle uneven characters, which lead to synergistic strength, which lead to a tear in the muscle. We will compose a custom paper test on Extending and its Effect on Avoiding Injury or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page An excessive number of individuals, competitors as a rule, are unconscious of 1) the reasons for injury, and 2) how to stay away from injury. Luckily, wounds can be kept away from through methods for remedial extending. In the event that you have ever played games, or done whatever has to do with physical movement, you have known somebody who has harmed him/herself from pulling their hamstring, crotch, quadriceps, or other basic muscles. Shockingly, an excessive number of competitors have no clue about why they harmed themselves; they as a rule might suspect it is from abuse, such as running excessively hard, or lifting a ludicrous measure of weight. Never does one know about a competitor thinking they were harmed on account of muscle uneven characters, which lead to synergistic strength, which lead to a tear in the muscle. Such a large number of individuals, competitors by and large, are uninformed of 1) the reasons for injury, and 2) how to keep away from injury. Luckily, wounds can be dodged through methods for remedial extending.

National Assemblies of Kuwait Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

National Assemblies of Kuwait - Essay Example The restriction campaigned for a parliament, by requesting of the administration in 1950s, by means of the authority of Ahmad al-Khatib and his development, National Culture Club. 1967 races were damaged by anomalies with respect to the administration, which required the requirement for new races. All things considered, new political decision was held in 1971, yielding a passive get together with only four individuals from the resistance, barring the pioneer of restriction, Al-Khatib. The get together demonstrated a significant contradicting power for the amir organization. The fourth get together decisions happened in 1975 bringing forth a gathering that energetically contradicted the administration than its forerunner. Discontent with the restriction of the get together, amir broke down it in 1976 giving new ultimatums for press and open shows. The fifth gathering existed somewhere in the range of 1981 and 1985. It likewise created a functioning restriction like the past gatherings. Notwithstanding, divisions over sacred changes among different issues prompted the death of the get together filled by extreme strict resistance assurance. The 6th gathering political decision was held in 1985, in which the administration surveyed its Islamists support by urging Beduin contenders to bar Islamists. Dissimilar to previously, the administration gave the patriots space to take an interest, which saw the restoration of Al-Khatib. Al-Khatib and three different patriots rose triumphant in the races. Following its intense resistance to the administration and assur ance to expel degenerate pastors from office, the 6th get together additionally confronted the chance disintegration. Seeing that the gathering had delved a lot into the decision family, amir suspended the get together. The gathering was in the end disintegrated following brutality experienced in 1985. Notwithstanding, the get together stayed powerful restriction image considerably after its conclusion and constrained degree. Of the considerable number of congregations, the 1981-1985 get together appeared to be all the more fascinating. Aside from being vociferous like its antecedents, the gathering was far

Professor accessibility

Professor accessibility People often seem to think that going to an elite school, particularly one with a large population of graduate students, means that undergrads are destined to get short shrift. Apparently undergrads are less fun than grad students, or something (I dont know why; I work half as much as the grad students in my lab for probably a tenth of the salary). Well, as far as MIT goes, I dont think thats true. For one thing, were not herded into giant classes like so many moo cows. According to the common data set, over 60% of the classes at MIT have 19 people or fewer. This figure doesnt include recitations a recitation is a discussion/explanation/clarification section which meets outside lecture, and often the person teaching the recitation is not the person lecturing. For instance, I have 5.60 lecture three times a week in the Stata Center, taught by Professor Bawendi; my 5.60 recitation meets twice a week in a different classroom and is taught by a graduate student in physical chemistry. Its good to get different perspectives on the lecture material. (And, ahem, graduate students are more likely to have sympathy and give really good homework hints than faculty are.) Anyway, the point of all this is that I had a really good meeting today with one of my favorite professors, Carlos Lois. (The good thing about professors youre close to is that they make you call them by their first names. Very cool.) Carlos is writing one of my recommendations for graduate school, so I wanted to pick his brain about applications and the like. (He told me its September and that Im way too hyper about the applications. And he told me to relax. Boo, Im not anal-retentive? Okay, yes I am.) One thing I love about the rapport I have with Carlos and with Morgan, my UROP supervisor, is that I can go bother them anytime I want. I didnt make an appointment to meet with Carlos, I just waltzed up to his office this afternoon and knocked on the door. And after I was done meeting with Carlos, I walked over to building 16 to lend a book I had just finished to Professor James, my anthropology professor (I thought she might like to read it although I dont think shell like it!). With only 4000 undergrads in 30 degree-granting programs, MIT is a small world. Its especially small if you seek out connections with faculty; the faculty Im close with have been more than willing to be mentors to me. Plus, Carlos told me that he thinks Ill get into my top-choice PhD program (which is an extremely elite cell biology program, I might add) who wouldnt feel warm and fuzzy about MIT faculty after hearing that?

Feasts The Archaeology and History of Celebrating Food

Feasting, loosely defined as the public consumption of an elaborate meal often accompanied by entertainment, is a feature of most ancient and modern societies. Hayden and Villeneuve recently defined feasting as any sharing of special food (in quality, preparation or quantity) by two or more people for a special (not everyday) event. Feasting is related to the control of food production  and often is seen as a medium for social interaction, serving as both a way to create prestige for the host  and to create commonality within a community through the sharing of food. Further, feasting takes planning, as Hastorf points out: resources need to be hoarded, preparation and clean up labor needs to be managed, special serving plates and utensils need to be created or borrowed. Goals served by feasting include paying debts, displaying opulence, gaining allies, frightening enemies, negotiating war and peace, celebrating rites of passage, communicating with the gods and honoring the dead. For archaeologists, feasting is the rare ritual activity that can be reliably identified in the archaeological record. Hayden (2009) has argued that feasting should be considered within the major context of domestication: that domestication of plants and animals reduces the risk inherent in hunting and gathering and allows surpluses to be created. He goes further to argue that the requirements of Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic feasting created the impetus for domestication: and indeed, the earliest feast identified to date is from the peri-agricultural Natufian period, and consists solely of wild animals. Earliest Accounts The earliest references to feasting in literature date to a Sumerian [3000-2350 BC] myth in which the god Enki offers the goddess Inanna some butter cakes and beer. A bronze vessel dated to the Shang dynasty [1700-1046 BC] in China illustrates worshipers offering their ancestors wine, soup, and fresh fruits. Homer [8th century BC] describes several feasts in the Iliad and the Odyssey, including the famous Poseidon feast at Pylos. About AD 921, the Arabian traveler Ahmad ibn Fadlan reported a funeral feast including a boat burial at a Viking colony in what is today Russia. Archaeological evidence of feasting has been found throughout the world. The oldest possible evidence for feasting is at the Natufian site of Hilazon Tachtit Cave, where evidence suggests a feast was conducted at an elderly womans burial about 12,000 years ago. A few recent studies include Neolithic Rudston Wold (2900–2400 BC); Mesopotamian Ur (2550 BC); Buena Vista, Peru (2200 BC); Minoan Petras, Crete (1900 BC); Puerto Escondido, Honduras (1150 BC); Cuauhtà ©moc, Mexico (800-900 BC); Swahili culture Chwaka, Tanzania (AD 700–1500); Mississippian Moundville, Alabama (1200-1450 AD); Hohokam Marana, Arizona (AD 1250); Inca Tiwanaku, Bolivia (AD 1400-1532); and Iron Age Hueda, Benin (AD 1650-1727). Anthropological Interpretations The meaning of feasting, in anthropological terms, has changed considerably over the past 150 years. The earliest descriptions of lavish feasting provoked colonial European administrations to comment disparagingly on the waste of resources, and traditional feasting such as the potlatch in British Columbia and cattle sacrifices in India were outright banned by the governments in the late nineteenth-early twentieth centuries. Franz Boas, writing in the early 1920s, described feasting as a rational economic investment for high status individuals. By the 1940s, the dominant anthropological theories focused on feasting as expression of competition for resources, and a means to increase productivity. Writing in the 1950s, Raymond Firth argued that feasting promoted social unity, and Malinowski maintained that feasting increased the prestige or status of the feast-giver. By the early 1970s, Sahlins and Rappaport were arguing that feasting could be a means of redistributing resources from different specialized production areas. Feast Categories More recently, interpretations have become more nuanced. Three broad and intersecting categories of feasting are emerging from the literature, according to Hastorf: celebratory/communal; patron-client; and status/display feasts. Celebratory feasts are reunions between equals: these include wedding and harvest feasts, backyard barbeques and potluck suppers. The patron-client feast is when the giver and receiver are clearly identified, with the host expected to distribute his or her largesse of wealth. Status feasts are a political device to create or bolster  status differences  between host and attendees. Exclusivity and taste are emphasized: luxury dishes and exotic foods are served. Archaeological Interpretations While archaeologists often are grounded in anthropological theory, they also take a diachronic view: how did feasting arise and change over time? The upshot of a century and a half of studies have produced a plethora of notions, including tying feasting to the indtroduction of storage, agriculture, alcohol, luxury foods, pottery, and the public participation in the construction of monuments. Feasts are most readily identifiable archaeologically when they occur at burials, and the evidence is left in place, such as the royal burials at Ur, Hallstatts Iron Age  Heuenberg  burial or Qin Dynasty Chinas  terracotta army. Accepted evidence for feasting not associated specifically with funerary events includes the images of feasting behavior in iconographic murals or paintings. The contents of midden deposits, particularly the quantity and variety of animal bones or exotic foodstuffs, is accepted as indicators of mass consumption; and the presence of multiple  storage features  within a certain segment of a village is also considered indicative. Specific dishes, highly decorated, large serving platters or bowls, are sometimes taken as evidence of feasting. Architectural constructions--plazas, elevated platforms, longhouses--are often described as public spaces where feasting may have taken place. In those places, soil chemistry, isotopic analysis and residue analysis have been used to bolster support for past feasting. Sources Duncan NA, Pearsall DM, and Benfer J, Robert A. 2009. Gourd and squash artifacts yield starch grains of feasting foods from preceramic Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(32):13202-13206. Fleisher J. 2010. Rituals of consumption and the politics of feasting on the eastern African coast, AD 700–1500. Journal of World Prehistory 23(4):195-217. Grimstead D, and Bayham F. 2010. Evolutionary ecology, elite feasting, and the Hohokam: A case study from a southern Arizona platform mound. American Antiquity 75(4):841-864. Haggis DC. 2007. Stylistic diversity and diacritical feasting at Protopalatial Petras: a preliminary analysis of the Lakkos deposit. American Journal of Archaeology 111(4):715-775. Hastorf CA. 2008. Food and feasting, social and political aspects. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Elsevier Inc. p 1386-1395. doi:10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00113-8 Hayden B. 2009. The proof is in the pudding: Feasting and the origins of domestication. Current Anthropology 50(5):597-601. Hayden B, and Villeneuve S. 2011. A century of feasting studies. Annual Review of Anthropology 40(1):433-449. Joyce RA, and Henderson JS. 2007. From feasting to cuisine: Implications of archaeological research in an early Honduran village. American Anthropologist 109(4):642–653. doi: 10.1525/aa.2007.109.4.642 Knight VJ Jr. 2004. Characterizing elite midden deposits at Moundville. American Antiquity 69(2):304-321. Knudson KJ, Gardella KR, and Yaeger J. 2012. Provisioning Inka feasts at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: the geographic origins of camelids in the Pumapunku complex. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(2):479-491. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.10.003 Kuijt I. 2009. What do we really know about food storage, surplus, and feasting in preagricultural communities? Current Anthropology 50(5):641-644. Munro ND, and Grosman L. 2010. Early evidence (ca. 12,000 B.P.) for feasting at a burial cave in Israel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(35):15362-15366. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001809107 Piperno DR. 2011. The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Patterns, Process, and New Developments. Current Anthropology 52(S4):S453-S470. Rosenswig RM. 2007. Beyond identifying elites: Feasting as a means to understand early Middle Formative society on the Pacific Coast of Mexico. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26(1):1-27. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2006.02.002 Rowley-Conwy P, and Owen AC. 2011. Grooved ware feasting in Yorkshire: Late Neolithic animal consumption at Rudston Wold. Oxford Journal Of Archaeology 30(4):325-367. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2011.00371.x

Definition of Zwitterion

A  zwitterion is a molecule that contains both positively and negatively charged functional groups, and the net charge of the entire molecule is zero. Amino acids are the best-known examples of  zwitterions. They contain an amine group (basic) and a carboxyl group (acidic).

The Evolution of the Mba Free Essays

Reading List for Technology and Innovation Strategy: 463 – Management and Strategy, Kellogg School of Management Professor Shane Greenstein Students will be held accountable for all required readings. These must be read ahead of class discussion. Related readings are relevant background. We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of the Mba or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are included for the interested student. I highly recommend them for a fuller perspective on the topic. Topic 1: Basic Frameworks and Toolkits Topic 1a. Adoption and Evolution Required reading: Geoffrey Moore. Chapters 1 and 2, High Tech Marketing Illusion, High Tech marketing Enlightenment, Crossing the Chasm, Harper Business, 2006. Not in reading packet. Please purchase book. ) Rosenberg, Nathan, â€Å"Innovation’s Uncertain Terrain. † McKinsey Quarterly, pp. 170-185, Issue 3, 1995. In class video: Interview with Dan Bricklin, founder of Visicalc, from Triumph of the Nerds, An Irreverent History of the PC Industry, By Bob Cringely. Ambrose Video, RM Associates. 1996 Related reading: Geoffrey Moore, To Succeed in the Long Term, Focus on the Middle Term, Harvard Business Review, July 2007. Wolter Lemstra, Vic Hayes and John Groenewegen, â€Å"Crossing the Chasm: the Apple AirPort. † Chapter 4 of The Innovation Journey of Wi-Fi: The Road o Global Success, C ambridge Press. Greenstein, â€Å"Virulent Word of Mouse. † And â€Å"An Earful about Zvi’s Email. † http://www. kellogg. northwestern. edu/faculty/greenstein/images/columns-older. html â€Å"Early Adopter, Enthusiast or Pioneer? A User’s guide to Technology Lingo. † http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ 1b: Capturing value in value chains: the basics. Greg Linden, Kenneth L. Kraemer, and Jason Dedrick, â€Å"Who Captures Value from innovation in global value chains? A Study of the iPod and Notebook PC. Industrial and Corporate Change, June, 2009. Greg Linden, Kenneth L. Kraemer, and Jason Dedrick, The Distribution of Value in the Mobile Phone Supply Chain Related reading Francesco Zirpoli and Markus C. Becker, â€Å"What Happens When you Outsource too Much? † SMR 374, Winter 2011. Topic 1c: Attackers’ advantage during diffusion Required reading: â€Å"The Crisis at Encyclopeadia Britannica,† Kellogg Teaching Case, Revised version, August, 2009. Joseph Bower and Clayton Christensen, â€Å"Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave† in (Ed) John Seely Brown, Seeing Differently: Insights on Innovation, Harvard Business Review Book, 1997 See class page on Blackboard, under the Assignment folder. Related reading: John Hagel III, John Seeley Brown, Lang Davison, â€Å"Shaping Strategy in a World of Constant Disruption,† Harvard Business Review, October 2008. Greenstein, â€Å"Creative Destruction and Deconstruction. † http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/, October, 2004. Topic 1d: Installed Base and Standards Required Reading: Carl Shapiro and Hal Varian, Information Rules, Chapters 5, 6, 7 8. Recognizing Lock-in, Managing Lock-in, Networks and Positive Feedback, Cooperation and Compatibility, Harvard Business School Press, 1998. Not in case packet. Please purchase book. ) In class video: Interview with the founders of McAfee Associates, from Nerds 2. 0. 1, A Brief History of the Internet, Bob Cringely, PBS Home Video, 1998. Related Reading: â€Å"Bleeding Edge Mass Market Standards,† and â€Å"Bird Watching for Nerds: Splintering the Internet,† and â€Å"The Grocery Scanner and Bar Code Economy,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 1e: Attackers Advantage versus Installed Base: Microsoft and Netscape Required Reading: Browser Wars, 1994-98, HBS Case 9-798-094 In class video: Interview with Andreeson, Clark, Gates, Ballmer, Metcalfe, from Nerds 2. 0. 1, A Brief History of the Internet, Bob Cringely, PBS Home Video, 1998. Related Reading: Timothy Bresnahan and Pai-Ling Yin, â€Å"Standard Setting in Markets: The Browser Wars,† in Greenstein and Stango, Standards and Public Policy, Cambridge University Press, pp. 18-59. See class page on Blackboard, under the Assignment folder. Greenstein, â€Å"The Long Arc Behind Bill Gates’ Wealth, Part I and Part II,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 2: Systems and Platforms Topic 2a. Classic frameworks and new approaches Required reading: Andrei Hagiu, Note on Multi-sided Platforms: Economic Foundations and Strategy, HBS Case, 9-709-484 Related reading: Michael Cusumano and Annabelle Gawer, Elements of Platform Leadership, Sloan Management Review. Spring 2002, (43) 3, pp 51- 58. â€Å"Gateway Economics,† and â€Å"The Lexicon of Network Economics,† and â€Å"Managing Complements,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 2b: Developing a multi-sided platform at Google Required reading: Google Inc, HBS Case 9-910-036 In class video: Hal Varian, Introduction to the Google Ad Auction, Made for YouTube. Related Reading: Andrei Hagiu and David Yoffie, â€Å"What’s your Google Strategy? † Harvard Business Review. R0904. Greenstein, â€Å"A Big Payoff,† â€Å"The Next Chapter at Google,† and â€Å"Did one invention lead to the decline of newspapers? † http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 2c: Entrepreneurial product development for a platform Required reading: â€Å"Developing an App for That,† HBS Case 9-711-415, August 2, 2011. Related reading: Bhide, Amar (1996). â€Å"The Questions Every Entrepreneur Must Answer,† Harvard Business Review, HBS Reprint 96603-PDF-ENG â€Å"Google’s Android: Will it shake up the Wireless Industry in 2009 and Beyond? Case SM-176. â€Å"Gaming Structure,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 3: Commercialization Topic 3a: Commercialization Strategy Required reading: Joshua Gans and Scott Stern, â€Å"The Product Market and the Market for Ideas: Commercialization Strategies for Techn ology Entrepreneurs. † Research Policy, In class video: Interview with Rod Cannon, in Triumph of the Nerds by Bob Cringely. 1996 Related reading: Seabrook, J. , â€Å"The Flash of Genius,† The New Yorker. Greenstein, â€Å"Imitation Happens,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 3b: Merger for knowledge transfer: Cisco Systems Required reading: â€Å"Cisco: Early if Not Elegant (A) and (B), Darden Case, UV 1632. Recommended reading: Bunnell and Brate, Making the Cisco Connection, Chapter 6, The Benevolent Predator. Geoffrey A. Moore, 2008, Dealing with Darwin, How Great Companies Innovate at Every Phase of Their Evolution, Penguin Group, pp 100-109, 159-167, and 181 -191 Ironport, Stanford GSB Case, E-334. Topic 3c: Commercialization experiments: Markets for intellectual property Required Reading: â€Å"Intellectual Ventures,† Case 9-710-423, Related reading: Nathan Myhrvold, Funding Eureka! HBR article, March, 2010. â€Å"When Patents Attack. † Originally aired on WBEZ/This American Life on 7. 22. 2011. http://www. thisamericanlife. org/radio-archives/episode/441/when-patents-attack Davis, Lee (2008). â€Å"Licensing Strategies of the New Intellectual Property Vendors,† California Management Review Greenstein, â€Å"Smart Phone patents and Platform Wars,† http://virulentwordof mouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 3d. Commercialization Experiments: Online without intellectual property. Required reading: RadioHead: Music at your own price (A) and (B), Case 9-508-110, 9-508-111 Related reading: â€Å"Pandora Radio: Fire Unprofitable customers? † HBS case 5-610-078, April 2011. â€Å"Digitization and Value creation,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 4: Firm boundary and scope Topic 4a: Extending functionality: Intel Required reading: â€Å"Intel Centrino in 2007: A new Platform Strategy for Growth. † SM-156. Related reading: Shane Greenstein â€Å"Economic Experiments and the Development of Wi-Fi. † Edited by Steven Kahl, Michael Cusumano, and Brian Silverman. Advances in Strategic Managements, V 29. Chapter 1, pp. 3-33. Emerald Group Publishing; Bingley, UK. Greenstein, February 2007, â€Å"The High Costs of a Cheap Lesson,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ 4b: Climbing the value chain Required reading Flextronics International, LTD, 9-604-063, April, 2010. HTC Corp. in 2012, HBS case 9-712-423, September, 2012. Related reading Greenstein, â€Å"Outsourcing and Two Views for Climbing the Value Chain,† http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 4c: User-contributed content Required Reading: â€Å"Wikipedia in the Spotlight,† Kellogg Teaching Case. August, 2009. Recommended Reading: â€Å"Wagging Wikipedia’s Long Tail. â€Å"Another Venerable Establishment Surrenders to Wikipedia,† and â€Å"The Range of Linus’ Law. † http://virulentwordofmouse. wordpress. com/ Topic 4d: Entrepreneurship and user participation Required reading: â€Å"Triumph of the Commons: Wikia and the Commercialization of Open Source Communities in 2009. † Kellogg Teaching case, October, 2009. Ye lp, Case 9-709-412 MentorMob and the Reinvention of Learning, August, 2011. Related Reading: Eric Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar, First Monday. www. firstmonday. dk See class page on Blackboard, under the Assignment folder. Foursquare, HBS Case 9-711-418 How to cite The Evolution of the Mba, Papers

Organizations in Global Environment Business Management

Question: Discuss about the Organizations in Global Environment for Business Management. Answer: Section 1 The assignment is about organisational structure and design. Organisational structure is the combination of the co-ordination among different departments, task allocation and supervision to achieve the organisational goals. Flow of information towards different tiers of the hierarchical structure is determined by the organisational structure. In case of centralised organisational structure, the decision making power are mostly accrued by the higher authority (Goetsch and Davis 2014). The study focuses on different types of organisational structure. The lecture talks about the different key elements of organisational structure such as work specialisation, departmentalisation, chain of command and span of control. Work specialisation leads to the need of department segmentation within the organisation. The chain of command flows from the superiors to the subordinates. The superior heads are functional head of the organisation, project manager and department head. The span of control de pends on the size of the team member (Laguna and Marklund 2013). The span of control is stronger if the number of employees is small. Organisational structure can be distinguished as mechanistic structure and organic structure. The characteristics of mechanistic structure are existence of high specialisation in each department, rigid departmentalisation with clear chain of command (Morris et al. 2012). Formalisation of rules and regulations are high in this structure. High formalisation leads to the centralisation of power in this organisation. The main characteristics of the organic structure are presence of cross hierarchical team in each department. This structure facilitates the organisation by allowing free flow of information across the hierarchy. Decentralisation of power is another important characteristic. In this structure, span of control is wide unlike the mechanistic structure. Main difference between these two types of structure lies in the internal environment. The in ternal environment of the mechanistic environment is stable and that of organic structure is dynamic. Organisation design provides a platform to the organisation in which it can exercise its goals and objectives. The main contingency factors for organisational design are environmental uncertainty and organisational structure, application of technology, organisational strategy and size of the organisation. In the changing external business environment, organic structure is more suitable. Based on the organisation hierarchy, the structure can be distinguished as simple, divisional and functional structure. The study has highlighted the presentation of matrix structure, which includes co-ordination among workers, team effort, dual chain command and requirement of specialists. Hofstedes classification of culture influences the team building in an organisation. The classification is done based on power distance, time orientation, comparison between quality and quantity of life, avoidance of uncertainty and comparison between individualism and collectivism (Wilden et al. 2013). The study highlights holacracy structure, which is characterised as self management in the organisation. This structure increases accountability and transparency in the organisation system. This structure differs from team based and bureaucracy structure as unlike these two structures, holocracy system is independent of hierarchy management. Therefore, decision making process is more flexible compared to other two. Section2 IBM took decision to enter into the business of personal computer during 1980. At the initial stage, the company started with 12 people. However, with the expansion of business, the number employee has increased. IBM is a learning organisation. It has improved its organisation structure and design responding to changing business needs. It has dynamic organisation culture and hierarchy. IBM started its business with mechanistic structure and its limited resources. However, with the expansion of business, the organisational structure has changed to organic. Free flow of information has changed the internal business environment. Divisional structure is followed in IBM. The hierarchy is divided according to geography. Decision making Section 1 The lecture is about decision making process of different economic agents. Different group of individual has different perspective of decision making. A loan manager of a bank takes decision based on profitability. However, the profitability depends on the liquidity in the economy. The decision making leads to benefit of the society (Glimcher and Fehr 2013). A treasurer takes decision to make profit. In order to make profit, the treasurer has to expand the business. The business expansion requires investment in large equipment. Decision making process of every agent has three processes such as choosing among the alternative, implementation and evaluation (Scott and Davis 2015). The decision has to identify the best possible options before undertaking a project. For optimum decision making, the decision maker has to make a cost benefit analysis. The project, which has least cost, needs to be undertaken. For example, a car company can take decision to stop the car or alternatively chos e to launch new type of SUV. The reason behind this decision is either dropping demand in car market or the supply may have exceeded than demand (Snyder and Diesing 2015). Therefore, there would be a specific reason for every decision making. Three perspectives of decision making are ration, bounded and intuition. A payoff matrix helps in optimal decision making. In the view of Simon, economic man takes decision to maximise utility. However, the administrative man satisfies the decision maker rather than maximisation. Rational decision maker chooses mini-max strategy. The bounded decision maker uses simplified model and satisfactory decision. In contrast, intuition is based on experience. Intuition is cognitive and value based. The pessimist decision maker chooses maximin strategy, the optimists choose maximax strategy and the neutral chooses minimax strategy (Dane, Rockmann and Pratt 2012). Decision making conditions are certainty of event, risk of occurrence and uncertainty. In ca se of certainty, the outcome is known. In case of uncertain event, the outcome is not known. Therefore, uncertain event is associated with risks. The type of various decision-making is described as ill structured and well structured based on programming. Section 2 In the market of personal computer, there are numerous firms. Dell is popular computer manufacturing firm. Consumer chooses the product based on quality and price. In competitive market, there are other factors that can influence demand for PC and laptop. Reliability, warranty, weight, screen size and resolution and price are the determinant factors. Consumer considers the factors before purchasing laptop. In this case, consumes are the rational decision makers. On the other hand, the manager of Dell applies intuition in decision making. Intuitive decision maker applies past experience in the market of PC and laptop. References Dane, E., Rockmann, K.W. and Pratt, M.G., 2012. When should I trust my gut? Linking domain expertise to intuitive decision-making effectiveness.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,119(2), pp.187-194. Glimcher, P.W. and Fehr, E. eds., 2013.Neuroeconomics: Decision making and the brain. Academic Press. Scott, W.R. and Davis, G.F., 2015.Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives. Routledge. Snyder, G.H. and Diesing, P., 2015.Conflict among nations: Bargaining, decision making, and system structure in international crises. Princeton University Press. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Laguna, M. and Marklund, J., 2013.Business process modeling, simulation and design. CRC Press. Morris, W., Volosskiy, B., Demir, S., GaÃÅ' ndara, F., McGrier, P.L., Furukawa, H., Cascio, D., Stoddart, J.F. and Yaghi, O.M., 2012. Synthesis, structure, and metalation of two new highly porous zirconium metalorganic frameworks.Inorganic chemistry,51(12), pp.6443-6445. Wilden, R., Gudergan, S.P., Nielsen, B.B. and Lings, I., 2013. Dynamic capabilities and performance: strategy, structure and environment.Long Range Planning,46(1), pp.72-96.

Gandhi - His Influence In The Nonviolent Movement Essays

Gandhi - His Influence in the Nonviolent Movement I think Mohandas Gandhi was one of the most significant persons in the 20th century. He was the one who proved that it is possible to fight very successful without violence. He fought his whole life with humanity, tolerance, ideas and without violence. He showed the way to a better world. And still today there are many people who love him and who use his philosophy to change the world. A very important example is the fight against wars. Usually people who fight against a war try to fight without violence. They march through cities and try to convince people not to go to the war or something like that. Another very popular example is the fight against nuclear energy or nuclear weapons. Demonstrators sit on the road in front of a nuclear power station or block the way of trucks or trains, which carry nuclear waste. Or, very popular example, the French tests of nuclear weapons in the pacific. People opposed them and the press all over the world was talking about these tests. That was non-violent resistance. Marches all over the world and other non-violent actions. And another good example is "Greenpeace". They fight for the nature and their most important weapon is the public. They don't use violence but they use the press. The actions, they do are very spectacular and interesting for the whole world. Many people all over the world agree with what they are doing. An example for not using violence even if others use it against them was when they went very close to where the French wanted to test their nuclear weapons and the French soldiers entered their boat and destroyed lots of things and hit the Greenpeace activists. And all that was filmed by Greenpeace and these pictures were sent all over the world and came in the news everywhere. Also Martin Luther King didn't use violence in his fight for the rights of the black people in America. An example, which all of us see and experience from time to time is the strike. Gandhi made the strike as a way of fighting popular and it is still used today very often. At the start of the 20th century the British Empire was the biggest empire in the world. India was it's biggest colony and was very important to Britain. Gandhi managed to get India independent of the British. The biggest Empire in the world lost a war of independence against a country like India which not even used violence and good weapons for it's fights. That was a sign for the world. And especially for the other countries ruled by the British. It was then that many of those countries saw their chance for independence. Gandhi showed them the way. And that was one of the main causes for the independence of many of those countries. In the 1960's most colonies in Africa became independent and also Indochina became independent. I think that was also one of the things Gandhi caused or helped causing. Gandhi fought for the rights of minorities and people who were pushed down his whole life. He encouraged every one to stand up for their rights and to fight against cruelty. He showed the whole world how easy it is to fight for rights and how successful it can be if there are many people fighting for the same thing together. Many people in the whole world decided to start fighting for their rights when they realized how successful Gandhi was. That was the start of many fights for humanity and for rights of minorities. Good examples are the fights of the blacks in North America. Especially Martin Luther King fought under the influence of things Gandhi had said. Or the fights in South America under Ch? Guevara or even the fights of Aborigines in Australia. But those are only a few examples. Fights for rights happened and still happen all over the world again and again because there are always people who push others down. I think Gandhi played a big part in the fight for humanity and the rights of minorities. I think Gandhi was and is still a very significant person. He changed people's minds and opened lots of peoples minds. Still today when people see the movie that was made about his life and his fights they think about

Timeline of the Little Rock School Integration

Timeline of the Little Rock School Integration In September 1927, Little Rock Senior High School opened. Costing more than 1.5 million to construct, the school opened for white students only. Two years later, the Paul Laurence Dunbar High School opened for African-American students. Its construction cost $400,000 with donations from the Rosenwald Foundation and Rockefeller General Education Fund. 1954 May 17: The U.S. Supreme Court finds that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional in the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.May 22: Despite many southern school boards resisting the Supreme Court’s ruling, the Little Rock School Board decides to cooperate with the Court’s decision.August 23: The Arkansas NAACP Legal Redress Committee is led by attorney Wiley Branton. With Branton at the helm, the NAACP petitions the school board for prompt integration of public schools. 1955 May 24: The Blossom Plan is adopted by the Little Rock School Board. The Blossom Plan calls for the gradual integration of public schools. Beginning of September 1957, the high school would become integrated followed by lower grades over the next six years.May 31: The initial Supreme Court ruling provided no guidance on how to desegregate public schools yet acknowledged the need for further discussions. In another unanimous ruling known as Brown II, local federal judges are given the responsibility of ensuring that public school authorities integrate â€Å"with all deliberate speed.† 1956 February 8: The NAACP lawsuit, Aaron v. Cooper is dismissed by Federal Judge John E. Miller. Miller argues that the Little Rock School Board acted in â€Å"utmost good faith† in establishing the Blossom Plan.April: The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals upholds Miller’s dismissal yet made the Little Rock School Board’s Blossom Plan a court mandate.   1957 August 27: The Mother’s League of Central High School holds its first meeting. The organization advocates for continued segregation in public schools and files a motion for a temporary injunction against integration at Central High School.August 29: Chancellor Murray Reed approves the injunction arguing that the integration of Central High School could lead to violence. Federal Judge Ronald Davies, however, voids the injunction, ordering the Little Rock School Board to continue with its plans for desegregation.September: The local NAACP registers nine African-Americans students to attend Central High School. These students were chosen based on their academic achievement and attendance.September 2: Orval Faubus, then governor of Arkansas, announces through a televised speech that African-American students would not be allowed to enter Central High School. Faubus also orders the state’s National Guard to enforce his orders.September 3: The Mother’s League, Citizenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Council, parents and students of Central High School hold a â€Å"sunrise service.† September 20: Federal judge Ronald Davies orders the National Guard to be removed from Central High School arguing that Faubus has not used them to preserve law and order. Once the National Guard leaves, the Little Rock Police Department arrive.September 23, 1957: The Little Rock Nine are escorted inside of Central High School while a mob of more than 1000 white residents protest outside. The nine students are later removed by local police officials for their own safety. In a televised speech, Dwight Eisenhower orders federal troops to stabilize violence in Little Rock, calling the behavior of white residents â€Å"disgraceful.†September 24: An estimated 1200 members of the 101st Airborne Division arrive in Little Rock, placing the Arkansas National Guard under federal orders.September 25: Escorted by federal troops, the Little Rock Nine are escorted into Central High School for their first day of classes.September 1957 to May 1958: The Little Rock Nine attend classes at Centr al High School but are met with physical and verbal abuse by students and staff. One of the Little Rock Nine, Minnijean Brown, was suspended for the remainder of the school year after she reacted to consistent confrontations with white students. 1958 May 25: Ernest Green, a senior member of the Little Rock Nine, is the first African-American to graduate from Central High School.June 3: After identifying several disciplinary issues at Central High School, the school board requests a delay in the desegregation plan.June 21: Judge Harry Lemly approves the delay of integration until January 1961. Lemly argues that although African-American students have a constitutional right to attend integrated schools, the â€Å"time has not come for them to enjoy [that right].†September 12: The Supreme Court rules that Little Rock must continue to use its desegregation plan in place. High schools are ordered to open on September 15.September 15: Faubus orders four high schools in Little Rock to be closed at 8 am.September 16: The Women’s Emergency Committee to Open Our Schools (WEC) is established and builds support to open public schools in Little Rock.September 27: White residents of Little Rock vote 19, 470 to 7,561 in support of segregation. The public schools remain closed. This becomes known as the â€Å"Lost Year.† 1959 May 5: Members of the school board in support of segregation vote not to renew the contracts of more than 40 teachers and school administrators in support of integration.May 8: WEC and a group of local business owners establish Stop This Outrageous Purge (STOP). The organization begins soliciting voter signatures to oust the school board members in favor of segregation. In retaliation, segregationists form the Committee to Retain Our Segregated Schools (CROSS).May 25: In a close vote, STOP wins the election. As a result, three segregationists are voted off the school board and three moderate members are appointed.August 12: Little Rock public high schools reopen. Segregationists protest at the State Capitol and Governor Faubus encourages them not to give up the struggle to keep schools from integrating. As a result, the segregationists march to Central High School. An estimated 21 people are arrested after police and fire departments break up the mob.

Data preparation and network analysis Literature review

Data preparation and network analysis - Literature review Example Finding meaningful data about people’s access to urban green spaces with regard to the people’s reasons for using such spaces and when and how they use them is considerably weighed down by the fact that survey data from local authorities is rather inconsistent. Various methods have been developed to help in data collection on local green space needs. Methods such as Best Value processes are viable in realising green space needs for populations in areas such as the Madinah region of UAE. The benchmark questions used in the Best Value User Satisfaction Survey are relatively basic meaning that more viable information should be sourced from the literature review of past surveys, as well as the analysis of other similar areas around the world (Cope 2009, 174). Telephone surveys with the public can be used to find out or estimate the number of urban green space users for every green space located in their vicinity. This module of data preparation is perhaps best for the quant ification of urban dwellers’ access to green spaces and the estimation of future green space needs and the capacity of current green spaces to meet these needs. In England, for example, a telephone survey showed that 2.25 million people make a minimum of 184 visits to the nearest urban space annually (Knigge and Cope  2006, 2031). ... This is crucial in network analysis as it allows for the identification of peak times when green spaces are mostly used, as well as the documentation of whether or not the green spaces have the capacity to hold populations during peak visits (Neimeier 1997, 381). Afternoons, weekends and holiday times, are notably the key times for green space use. Other people have seasonal green space use patterns, which are largely influenced by prevailing weather patterns. Notably, men are slightly higher users if green spaces than their female counterparts. However, most local authority surveys do not give an indication on whether ethnic minority groups or disabled persons are equitably represented among green space users. This is perhaps the greatest limitation of using local authority surveys in data collection and network analysis of urban green spaces (Forman 2005, 203). As earlier cited, data preparation can take several formats. Thematic data generation is one such method. This entails the generation of area maps and conduct of an analysis of the region’s remote sensing data. Here, urban green spaces are digitised and categorised using visual interpretation methodology like Cartosat II and LISS-IV merge product in Arc GIS Ver.9.3 (Van Herzele 2003, 119). Under this module, urban green spaces are categorised as among others railway green, playgrounds, open green, water bodies, industrial green, built ups, parks and roadside green (Barbosa, Tratalos, et al, 2007, 189). Using the â€Å"selection by attribute† query within Arc GIS, the different categories of urban green spaces are separated and exported into different categories of either public and green spaces. All types of green spaces are then assigned different

Critique of a play to be watched Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critique of a play to be watched - Essay Example In this version a variety of critical interpretations are advanced, with the interpretation most centrally being that Greek theatrical productions remain important aspects of the literary and cultural landscape not through being reimagined and reinterpreted but through the preservation of their core structural dimensions. In viewing Peter Hall’s production of the Eumenides one of the first aspects one notices is it preservation of traditional Greek structural dimensions. In the opening scene the speaker is masked (indeed, this is thematic throughout all the characters) indicative of a traditional Greek production. In these regards, Hall himself stated that, â€Å"Greek plays are impossible without the mask... its very mystery solved not only the problem of expressing unbearable feeling, but also how to make the unending laments of the chorus understandable to a modern audience". In these regards, the mask clouds the identity of the characters such that audiences throughout hu manity can cast their own insights and emotions onto the characters. In addition to these authentic elements, the play includes an orchestra that accompanies the production much like one would imagine the Greek stage of antiquity. It’s indicative of Hall’s intentions in the production of keeping the play true to authentic form as the music does not function in the background as is the case with film, television, or indeed a great many stage productions, but is intermingled with the stage action seamlessly. This demonstrates Hall’s vision as the viewer shares the same presence as would a viewer listening to the orchestra during a performance of the Eumenides in antiquity. This element also demonstrates the everlasting nature of Hall’s perspective when one considers that in great part this structural format – the melding of music and on-stage narrative – has persisted even into the mainstream contemporary social environment in terms of the mus ic video; all the more remarkable considering that this production occurred the same year as the emergence of MTV. The stage dimensions of this opening scene are also indicative of what one envisions the Greek stage place to be as, with the speaker subtly cognizant of the expansive nature of the audience. The physical dimensions of the stage space are also directly reminiscent of the ancient Greek stage with round stage platform with a backdrop outlining the screen. If there is any room to critique Hall’s production it would be in his firm reliance on this element of the Greek stage, but as the play advances one witnesses the implementation of modern methods of shot selection and editing that are melded into this otherwise authentic production. In these regards, Hall’s version of the Eumenides is not as entirely authentic in the classic Greek sense as he would have the audience believe, yet is perhaps more powerful for it, as his subtle re-workings emerge in aspects th at open the play to broader contextual meaning and purpose. In great part the screen space is outlined in black and white. While it is a filmed stage production and one can argue that this is simply an aspect of its reproduction onto the screen space, it nevertheless takes on aesthetic meaning in the context of analysis. Without delving too far into literary critique the black and white simply functions as a means of bringing out the color that has possible symbolic implications; however this critique does not delve into these literary elements but rather considers how director Hall

The Roles Of An Early Tears Practitioner Young People Essay

The Roles Of An Early Tears Practitioner Young People Essay Caring for children looks at the range of settings and providers that care for children across the private, voluntary and independent sectors. The following report outlines the care needs for children. Collate evidence which describes the role of the practitioner in caring for children The role and responsibilities of an early years practitioner follow a number of codes of practice and state how you conduct yourself. When working with children a number of codes of practices exist. Such as Special needs, Safeguarding children, Childrens learning, Behaviour, Working with parents, Data protection etc. The early years practitioner has clear responsibilities, like Work to the principals of the sector and codes of confidentiality Meet learning needs of a child Provide an environment that is warm, welcoming and stimulating Work with parents and partners Work as part of a team that provides a quality service for both children and parents The early years practitioner has to: Put needs of children first because this will help keeping children out of harm, keep them safe and encourage them to meet the standards for there abilities. Respect others choices -If you do not this could cause friction between staff members and can reflect on the setting and onto the children. Respect confidentially It is important to respect confidentiality as it can help a child stay out of trouble, keep them safe and help them. Plan, record and review This is important as it can help you improve. It can help you notice your strengths and weaknesses. This also helps when doing activities where you can see what event went well and what did not, how you could do things differently and may allow you to handle a situation differently It is important to demonstrate responsibility as it helps the children learn right and wrong and it is partly your responsibility to teach them this and they may treat you as a role model. Also partnerships with parents. This is also important as then you can learn about a child, their likes and dislikes, etc. It will also help build relationships with parents so they know they can trust you. Continuing Professional Development is important as it shows you want to be the best that you can be. It also shows you are very interested in making the children be the best they can be and that you are dedicated in doing that. Observing children helps you recognise stages of the Childs development. This can help recognise where a childs needs are, where they need extra help, etc Lastly working as a team as this helps create a positive environment for everyone to work in and also help people feel included and this will help with self-confidence. E2 Collate information about how care for children may be provided within families and society E3 Include evidence which compares the differing roles of statutory, private, voluntary and independent settings. Many parents adapt to changes in their lives and usually have the support of family and friends to provide assistance. Many families however can face issues that affect the family life and often need support to help them. Such factors like: Financial Difficulties Low income families Cannot afford food or clothes Poverty, poor health and depression Poor housing, etc Unemployment Loss of jobs, no income Depression Changing jobs / Mother working Loss of child care Separation of child from mother Divorce and separation Lower income Smaller housing / cramped conditions Caring for other family members / long term illnesses Elderly relatives Hospital Bereavement Emotional strain Dealing with grief Social isolation No communication No transport Living in a new area no friends, etc. Children and families need support at certain times and there are many organisations and self help groups that can provide this support. Such as National Childbirth Trust, National Association of Toy and Leisure Libraries, Child Poverty Action group, Home Start, Parentline plus, Gingerbread, contact a family, etc. There are many different settings where children can be cared for such as Respite Care, Holiday play schemes, Parent and toddler groups, Schools, Workplace nurseries, Childminders, Pre-schools, After school clubs, Residential care, Day nurseries and Crà ¨ches Usually the main support group is within the family network such as grandparents and Aunties and Uncles. There are four different types of Sectors that provide care and education for children. They are; Statutory Sector Voluntary Sector Private Sector. Independent A Statutory Sector is a Sector that has to be there by law, so dentist, local schools and hospitals are part of this. Local schools have to be there by law and get some funding by the government. The age range that schools cover is from five years to eleven years olds; they follow a set routine where reception covers the EYFS and then year one to year six covers the national curriculum. Schools are open from nine oclock in the morning to half three in the afternoon, from Monday to Fridays, term times only. This means that schools are closed at Christmas, Easter, summer and half terms. Schools are in easy access areas, where there is enough space for an outside play area for example the playground and indoor space, for example somewhere to do P.E. A local school can be adapted, for example ramps for people with disabilities and for people to find it easy to access the school. A local school should also include snacks; they should be healthy snacks like fruit and vegetables. They shoul d also include toileting times for the children. Statutory Schools are usually free except payment for school dinners, school trips and some snacks. The aim of a Statutory Sector School is to provide opportunities of education for every child and to support their learning also making a safe and secure environment for children to keep them from harm. Another aim is to provide social opportunities for the child this will include learning to make friends, learning to socialise with people, learning the difference between adults and children and learning to respect others. It may also provide opportunities for the family by meeting new parents so they are making new friends and it may also prove as support for families as they might find people to rely on and also some services though school to help support them. A Voluntary Sector is a sector, which people volunteer to organise and run, so mother and toddler, brownies and Pre school groups are apart of this. Mother and toddler groups are usually for children age two to four years. The mother and toddler groups are usually opened from nine to eleven thirty in the mornings or half one till three in the afternoon. These kinds of organisations are usually placed in a church or community hall, which arent necessarily built for the use of children. The staffs are usually parents themselves but the person in charge of the organisation must have a level three childcare qualification. The organisation may ask for a small donation each week, approximately  £3:50 a week to cover the basic cost of the booking of the hall and also for lighting and water bills. The area in which the organisation is situated may not have an outdoor area for the children to play out in, the organisation should also follow the EYFS curriculum where children will learn through play and the space may also be Ofsted inspected. The main aim of a mother and toddler group is to provides short term care of young children to give a parent or carer a little time to themselves and also to give young children stimulation and also play and social opportunities. Another main aim is to get children ready for school or nursery. Another way is to create social opportunities for the parent or carer of meeting new people while helping out with the organisation or just dropping off their child at the group. A Private Sector is a sector, where people pay extra to try and get the best of their childs education or health and also their own. When you use a private day nursery you are charged for using them, you are approximately charged  £150 a week to use the services. These nurseries are open from 8 am 6 pm all year except bank holidays, the age range for these nurseries are usually from six weeks old up until five years. They also provide all meals, breakfast, dinner and tea and also snacks; they also have sleep facilities, indoor and outdoor play areas for children to play in. The building may not be purposely be built for the children but will be adapted for the children to provide their size facilities. All the members of staff will fully qualified, managers and rooms leaders must be at least level three or level two trained. Ofsted will also inspect the building and the staff to check if its safe and also to check if they are following EYSF curriculum. The aim of a private day nursery is to provide safe and secure environment for children to keep them from harm for children in absence of parents or carer and also to provide opportunities of education for every child and to support their learning. Another aim of the private day nursery is to provide stimulating environment with bonding with other children and also to provide learning through play and also opportunities. Another aim may be to allow employment opportunities for parents or carers and knowing a child is in a secure place and is cared for. An independent sector are companies with more freedom to organise their provision. Their services may not rely on government funding and does not have to follow the EYFS or the National Curriculum. However the service may be OFSTED inspected to make sure childrens welfare needs are being met. Services of independent provision include independent schools and nurseries. E4 Include a summary of the main regulations that govern the care of children in different types of settings. The following is legislation that relates to working with children in a childrens centre:- Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Race Relations Act (1976) Human Rights Act (1998) Data Protection Act (1998) Disability and Discrimination Act (2004) The legislation can influence working practices in the childrens centre by:- At all times complying with the Data Protection Act 1998. No discrimination by it against any person with respect to opportunity for employment, conditions of employment or delivery of the Services because of sex, marital status, race or disability. The Childrens centre shall in all matters arising comply with the provisions of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, the Human Rights Act 1998, and the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, etc. The centre must comply with the provisions of the Race Relations Act 1976 and the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 and make sure that they perform their responsibilities, to eliminate unlawful racial discrimination, and to promote equality of opportunity and good relationships between different racial groups. The centre should be responsible for and take all such precautions as are necessary to protect the health and safety of all persons employed by it and should comply with the requirements of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and any other Acts or Regulations relating to the health and safety of employed persons. Human Rights Act 1998. It gives further effect in the UK to rights contained in the European Convention of Human Rights. The Care Standards Act 2000 and the Regulations and National Minimum Standards set out the responsibilities of agencies and carers in promoting the health of children who are looked after. The Education Act 2002 Local authorities and schools where requires to protect and safeguard and promote the welfare of children. This included health and safety, child protection and the overall well being of children. The Every Child Matters and Children Act 2004 The Children Act 2004 introduced a new duty (section 10) to co-operate at a strategic level on local authorities, Primary Care Trusts and other relevant childrens services partners. The act is to protect children and promote welfare and well being of children.Being healthy: enjoying good physical and mental health and living a healthy life style. Staying Safe being protected from harm and neglect. Enjoying and Achieving getting the most out of learning and life, and developing skills for adulthood. Making a positive contribution being involved in community and society and not engaging in anti-social or offending behaviour. Economic well being not being prevented by economic disadvantage from achieving their potential Other legislation that helps the health and well being of children is shown below. Meggitt. C. (pg 249-251) The Children Act 1989 provides care and protection of all children and young people in need, including those living away from home. Local authorities have a specific duty under section 22 of the Act to safeguard and promote the wellbeing of each child they look after. The Children and Young Persons Act 2008 amends the Children Act 1989; support the care system and putting in place the structures to enable children and young people to receive high quality care and support. The Mental Health Act 2007 amended the Mental Health Act 1983. It requires hospital managers to ensure that patients aged fewer than 18 admitted to hospital for mental disorder are accommodated in an environment that is suitable for their age (subject to their needs). This is due to be fully implemented in 2010. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 generally only affects people aged 16 or over and provides a framework to empower and protect people who may lack capacity to make some decisions for themselves, for example, people with dementia, learning disabilities, mental health problems, stroke or head injuries who may lack capacity to make certain decisions. E5 include 2 activities which will each support and maintain a different aspect of the daily care of children There are many different routines for children that can help them maintain a different aspect of daily care for children such as Hygiene Toilet time, washing hands, bed time and teeth cleaning, Mealtimes Sitting at the table and Sleep Routines: Daily routines vary depending where the child is being cared for. But promoting and supporting a childs independence and self care is also important and a childs self image and self esteem are vital to their overall wellbeing. However I have chosen the following as my chosen activities Shoe laces and Dressing weather appropriate. Activity One Shoe laces What is the activity? Teaching children to tie their laces by making a personalized shoe. (the children decorate it themselves) with laces for them to practice. What do you have to do? Adults role help the children learn to tie their laces Childs role learn to tie their laces and keep practicing How does this promote independence? It helps them learn to tie their laces so adults dont have to do them How does it promote daily living? It helps children tie their laces so they can do it daily and at their convinence What areas of learning does it promote? Intellectual, Physical and Emotional Is it fun? Yes especially the decorating Is it important? Yes Why? Because it is a basic skill for every day living What age? 4- 5 years of age Can you break it down to make it easier? N0 not really Can the activity be extended? No Activity two Dressing weather appropriately What is the activity? Dressing up a doll in appropriate clothes to go outside and play in, which will keep them warm and dry depending on the weather What do you have to do? Adults role help the children learn how to dress appropriately Childs role to be able to dress the doll properly and wear weather appropriate clothes themselves. How does this promote independence? It helps them dress properly thrmselves without being told what to wear and they choose what they want. How does it promote daily living? It helps children dress appropriately and to keep warm so that they dont become ill and that we do it everyday What areas of learning does it promote? Intellectual, Physical, Emotional and Health Is it fun? Can be Is it important? It can be Why? It stops the child from becoming ill and keeps them comfortable with what they wear and do What age? 4- 5 years of age (pre-school) Can you break it down to make it easier? N0 not really Can the activity be extended? Yes broken down into holiday (warm weather clothing), wet weather clothing, winter (cold weather clothing) E6 include an explanation of the key issues which enable multi-professional teams to work together. Multi professional approach allows professionals share knowledge about a family needs so that the parents dont have to ask the same questions over and over again. The professionals are aware of each others roles in supporting the family so that conflicting advice can be minimise. It is essential that each agency communicates well and understands not only there role and responsibilities but the others agencies as well. Parents/guardians are the most important people in a childs life, and recognise the importance of this. We have a responsible role that involves sharing care of the child with parents/guardians; listen to parents/guardians, as they are the expert on their child. Respect will be shown for family traditions and childcare practice, and will work in harmony with the values and wishes of the parents. Partnerships with other agencies benefit children, for example Speech and language therapists for children with hearing and language difficulties -This could include sign language or English as a second language. Bereavement management play therapist, Educational psychologist to assess behavioral needs and bring about positive behavior in a child. Sensory impairment such as Limited vision, Hearing disorder or Speech problems. Also Dietary, Religious or Learning needs This is to ensure that all the needs of the individuals / children are met and they develop to their full potential. These partnerships do have an important role to play in ensuring that childrens experiences and learning are maximized. Tassoni pg 237 A multi professional approach when working with children and parents is important as it helps children not to slip through the net. Communication is the biggest part of the multi professional team, as everyone needs to know what is going on. The multi professional approach team is made up of a lot of different agencies, they are agencies including Schools and teachers, Hospitals and doctors, Social workers, Police and many more. They all work together to help parents and children to stop tragic cases such as death, child abuse, etc. E8 Show an understanding of diversity and inclusive practices Recognising diversity is about recognising that children can come from lots of different backgrounds and family structures and this could be from the language they speak, culture and beliefs. Diversity means responding in a positive manner to differences, valuing all people. All children are citizens and have rights and entitlements. Children should be treated fairly regardless of race, religion or abilities. This applies no matter: what they think or say what type of family they come from what language(s) they speak what their parents do whether they are girls or boys whether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor. All children have an equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting. Improving the physical environment physical aids to access education such as ICT equipment and portable aids for children with motor co-ordination and poor hand/eye skills. New buildings should be physically accessible to disabled pupils and will involve improving access to existing buildings including ramps, wider doors, low sinks, etc Improving the delivery of information to disabled children at nurserys or schools The information should take account of pupils disabilities and parents preferred formats and be made available Children should be treated fairly regardless of race, religion or abilities. This applies no matter what they think or say, what type of family they come from, what language(s) they speak, what their parents do, whether they are girls or boys or whether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor. All children have an equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting and all children have a need to develop, which is helped by exploring and discovering the people and things around them. Some childrens development may be at risk, for example children who are disabled and those with special educational needs , those from socially excluded families, such as the homeless or those who live with a parent who is disabled or has a mental illness, children from traveller communities, refugees or asylum seekers and those from diverse linguistic backgrounds. All children are entitled to enjoy a full life in conditions which will help them take part in society and develop as an individual, with their own cultural and spiritual beliefs. Practitioners ensure that their own knowledge about different cultural groups is up-to-date and consider their own attitudes to people who are different from themselves. Children in the UK are being raised in a society with many sources of cultural diversity. Good early years practice needs to support this from the earliest months of babyhood. Practitioners need to work to create a positive learning environment. Play materials, books and other resources can be offered in a helpful way by reflecting on how young children learn about culture and cultural identity.   Diversity and inclusion is also linked to legislation such the Childrens Act 1989, SEN act 2001, Rights of Children 1989 and the Race Relations Act 1976. Also included is the Disability Act 2004. Children like experiencing food, music or dance forms that reflect their own family and neighbourhood experiences. Early childhood is a good time to offer opportunities that enable children to stretch beyond the familiar. Children can learn to appreciate cultural diversity in styles of art, craft, music and dance. All opportunities need to be well grounded in positive pride for the styles common in every childs own background.   E9 References Child Care and Education Tassoni. P. (2007). Heinemann (Harcourt Education Limited). Oxford , England Child Development Meggitt. C. (2006). Heinemann (Pearson Education Limited). Harlow, England Department of education and Skills (DFES) 2007 Early Childhood Studies, Willan, Parker-Rees, Savage: (2004) :Learning Matters ltd

Criminology

All the actors are using a technique to evaluate the situation, statistics to determine who the possible suspect Is, and unique skills to help find where this person may be. Criminology Is the study of crime Its causes, its history, and Its prevention. Criminologists have many other disciplines, because they also study the psychology of criminals, the social contexts that give rise to crime in specific geographical and demographical locations, and the systems of punishment that serve to confine or perpetuate criminal activity.Crime and punishment function uniquely In each society. Therefore, criminologists concerned with crime theory are interested in comparing crime trends in different societies. The study of criminology is a very interesting major in the fact that it deals with the human brain yet it also plays a huge role in helping keep the community safe, I think that's what fascinates me the most. When I took the personality test my result was NEFF. In the understanding me port ion of the results It says, People Like me are very outgoing, enthusiastic, and spontaneous. I love meeting new people and probably have a large circle of friends ND acquaintances.Since I am always on the go and seem to have boundless energy, I am usually up for any new experience and especially love surprises! I am very curious, ask a lot of questions, and are fascinated by people or things that are out of the ordinary. Because of my vivid imagination, I have many ideas a day and am great at finding creative ways of solving problems or overcoming obstacles. I love to talk – especially about fun or interesting possibilities. People enjoy my unusual sense of humor and find me fun to be around. I pride myself on my uniqueness. I am also a insensitive and empathetic person who often has accurate Insights about others.My friends know I am devoted and affectionate and that I feel things very deeply, even If I don't always show It. But I may also take correctly personally and find my feelings are easily hurt. When I have a lot of details to remember or projects to manage, I may become overwhelmed or discouraged. In fact, my curiosity often distracts me from the more routine parts of projects and I probably find that staying organized is one of the hardest things for me to do. Making decisions is also a struggle because there re so many interesting options calling to me at once.Whatever career I choose, it has to be something I believe in or I won't be able to stick with it for very long. This is one of the main reasons I choose to study Criminology it is a fast pace very interesting Job that will catch my interest and keep me going. My strengths are Impressing people with my quickness and creativity. Anticipating the â€Å"right† answers people are looking for. Developing rapport easily, and changing gears quickly. Thinking quickly on my feet and articulating my strengths effectively. Networking effectively to create helpful relationships. My weakness' are not following have checked out all of my options.Being too idealistic and setting unrealistic goals. Not being very organized and not using my time well. Exaggerating or not being completely accurate with facts. For a career that would satisfy me it would have to let me work with lots of interesting creative people. Allow me to use my creativity to solve problems. Involve work that is fun, challenging, and always varied. Let me work at my own pace and schedule, with a minimum of rules or supervision. Be consistent with my personal values. Be done in an environment that is friendly, relaxed, and appreciates humor. Rarely requires me to be responsible for lots of details.Use my imagination to create products or services that help people. The median pay is about $74,960 per year and $34. 04 per hour. The entry education level is a master's degree. There does not need to be work experience in a related occupation or on-the-Job training. Number of Jobs in 2012 was 2,600. The Job gro wth is growing by 15% which is faster than average. This is a full time Job during regular business hours. Criminologist typically work in an office. They occasionally may work outside the office to conduct research through interviews or observations or present search results.The best way to get into this Job field is to have an advanced degree, strong statistical and research skills and a background in applied sociology. Criminologist would typically need a sociologist master's degree or Ph. D. There are two types of sociology master's degree programs: traditional programs and applied, clinical, and professional programs. Traditional programs prepare students to enter a Ph. D. Program. Applied, clinical, and professional programs prepare students to enter the professional workplace, teaching them the necessary analytical skills to perform sociological research in a reflections setting.Many students who complete a Ph. D. In sociology become postsecondary teachers. Other Ph. D. Gradu ates often become research sociologists for nonprofits, businesses, and governments. Courses in research methods and statistics are important for both master's and Ph. D. Candidates. Many programs also offer opportunities to gain experience through internships or by preparing reports for clients. Although some graduates with a bachelor's degree find work as sociology research assistants, most find positions in other fields, such as social services, administration, management, or sales and marketing.I plan to start my Journey through the criminology at DVD and then try to get into Sac State or US Davis. I think that Criminology is such an interesting major and topic that it will keep my interest, and it is expanding at a great rate 15% is the projected for the future. The fact that it deals with the human brain yet it also plays a huge role in helping keep the community safe, I think that's what fascinates me the most. I believe I will strive in this Job force and be able to really s ucceed in this Job field. Criminology Criminology in the Future Roseland Cervantes-Barilla, Heather Arthur Dreamer, Andrea Patella, Samaritan Asparagus, and Everett Titus CA 314 August 18, 2014 Paula Rootstock Crime fighting techniques are always evolving; which will help decrease crime rate over time. There are new crime-fighting methodologies developed and improved on every day; biometrics, cybercafà © spare, and DNA collection programs. Criminology has evolved greatly, however policies from the past are still used today; such as the Classical Schools concept.However, there have been many improvements in the policies in the past. Theories are developed and expanded on concerning why individuals commit crimes, such as the social learning theory and social structure theory. Although these methods help reduce crime and possibly detect criminal activity, some theories and crime-fighting methodologies violate civil liberty. Future of Crime Fighting Crime is a major part of our history, present, and our future. People are n ot perfect, and the world is a cruel place for people to live in now days.The future is what we need to look to, and our future is in the hands of ourselves. It is our Job to ensure that we do have a future and that our children have a safe place to live as they grow up as well. It's important for us to take action now, that way in the future hopefully things will be better. It will not be an easy road to go down but it is one we need to go down non-the-less. Nothing is easy in life, and we have to stand up and fight for the things we want; otherwise crime will overrun the streets and spiral out of hand.Crime-fighting Methodologies Although, we need to ensure the safety of the people, the future of crime fighting needs to be mindful of an individual's rights as well. It will take professional work, and expertise to overcome this hard road. The most-important issue when it comes future policies of crime fighting is the safety of the citizens. One of the biggest social issues of the f uture will be the internet. We already have a start to the future with tools like fingerprinting, facial recognition, voice recognition, and iris scans.All these things are crucial aspects to the crime fighting fields. DNA testing is another major way of identification that can't be altered. Through the years, technology has grown and has developed. It has helped ensure public safety in many ways, it also has helped state and local communities better use existing technology. It has improved criminal records and identification systems to keep high-risk individuals from locating weapons or positions of trust. There are many databases used by the criminal Justice system from the combined DNA Index system, biometrics, cybercafà © spare and others.DNA Testing The combined DNA index system is a useful tool in solving crimes. In 1998, it was officially initiated it allowed participating forensic laboratories to compare DNA roofless with the main purpose to match case evidence to other unr elated cases or to other persons that have been already convicted of specific crimes. DNA can be very useful when solving crimes one of two ways. When a suspect is identified, a sample of their DNA can be compared to evidence of the crime scene.In the case where there is no suspect that has been identified, evidence that is left from the crime scene can be analyzed and compared to profiles in the DNA database to help identify the perpetrator. There have been many controversy about obtaining DNA the con in n article by Generated titled â€Å"Retreating Justice†; â€Å"storing DNA taken from unsuspected individuals in a criminal database undermines presumptive innocence and sets a chilling precedent for data collection by the government of its citizens.In addition, it violates the rights of people to be secure and protected from ‘unreasonable searches and seizures' as is guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution. † (http://UCLA. Procom. Org/view. Answe rs. PH? Questioned=()00685) Regardless how you look at it the DNA index system when used properly can solve a rime and is very useful for law enforcement. With the ongoing growth of technology, they will find more fast and efficient ways to solve crimes and catch criminals.Biometrics According to the NJ, Biometrics is the science of using one or more physical characteristics or behavioral traits to identify individuals. Biometrics helps law enforcement agencies track individuals down. One known biometric technology is fingerprinting. This method provides accurate information of detecting criminals. Fingerprinting also helps secure borders and prevent identity theft. Cybercafà © Spy;are So many people use the internet and use that as a way of communication, business, etc. This has had a dramatic rise in crimes through this technology.Public and private entities have developed these techniques and others to address cybercafà © which include fraud, child exploitation, viruses, and ma ny more crimes. There are numerous agencies in the U. S including the federal government level the US department of Justice, homeland security, local and state Law Enforcement that have the responsibility to investigate and prosecute cybercafà ©s. Crime fighting techniques are always evolving and improving; the growth helps educe the amount of crime committed each year.There are new crime-fighting methodologies developed and improved on every day; biometrics, cybercafà © spare, and DNA collection programs. Criminology has grown greatly and has been expanded on. However policies from the past are still used today because they still apply to society and the relation to crime. However, there have been many improvements in the policies in the past. Although these methods help reduce crime and possibly detect criminal activity, some theories and crime-fighting methodologies violate civil liberty. Criminology All the actors are using a technique to evaluate the situation, statistics to determine who the possible suspect Is, and unique skills to help find where this person may be. Criminology Is the study of crime Its causes, its history, and Its prevention. Criminologists have many other disciplines, because they also study the psychology of criminals, the social contexts that give rise to crime in specific geographical and demographical locations, and the systems of punishment that serve to confine or perpetuate criminal activity.Crime and punishment function uniquely In each society. Therefore, criminologists concerned with crime theory are interested in comparing crime trends in different societies. The study of criminology is a very interesting major in the fact that it deals with the human brain yet it also plays a huge role in helping keep the community safe, I think that's what fascinates me the most. When I took the personality test my result was NEFF. In the understanding me port ion of the results It says, People Like me are very outgoing, enthusiastic, and spontaneous. I love meeting new people and probably have a large circle of friends ND acquaintances.Since I am always on the go and seem to have boundless energy, I am usually up for any new experience and especially love surprises! I am very curious, ask a lot of questions, and are fascinated by people or things that are out of the ordinary. Because of my vivid imagination, I have many ideas a day and am great at finding creative ways of solving problems or overcoming obstacles. I love to talk – especially about fun or interesting possibilities. People enjoy my unusual sense of humor and find me fun to be around. I pride myself on my uniqueness. I am also a insensitive and empathetic person who often has accurate Insights about others.My friends know I am devoted and affectionate and that I feel things very deeply, even If I don't always show It. But I may also take correctly personally and find my feelings are easily hurt. When I have a lot of details to remember or projects to manage, I may become overwhelmed or discouraged. In fact, my curiosity often distracts me from the more routine parts of projects and I probably find that staying organized is one of the hardest things for me to do. Making decisions is also a struggle because there re so many interesting options calling to me at once.Whatever career I choose, it has to be something I believe in or I won't be able to stick with it for very long. This is one of the main reasons I choose to study Criminology it is a fast pace very interesting Job that will catch my interest and keep me going. My strengths are Impressing people with my quickness and creativity. Anticipating the â€Å"right† answers people are looking for. Developing rapport easily, and changing gears quickly. Thinking quickly on my feet and articulating my strengths effectively. Networking effectively to create helpful relationships. My weakness' are not following have checked out all of my options.Being too idealistic and setting unrealistic goals. Not being very organized and not using my time well. Exaggerating or not being completely accurate with facts. For a career that would satisfy me it would have to let me work with lots of interesting creative people. Allow me to use my creativity to solve problems. Involve work that is fun, challenging, and always varied. Let me work at my own pace and schedule, with a minimum of rules or supervision. Be consistent with my personal values. Be done in an environment that is friendly, relaxed, and appreciates humor. Rarely requires me to be responsible for lots of details.Use my imagination to create products or services that help people. The median pay is about $74,960 per year and $34. 04 per hour. The entry education level is a master's degree. There does not need to be work experience in a related occupation or on-the-Job training. Number of Jobs in 2012 was 2,600. The Job gro wth is growing by 15% which is faster than average. This is a full time Job during regular business hours. Criminologist typically work in an office. They occasionally may work outside the office to conduct research through interviews or observations or present search results.The best way to get into this Job field is to have an advanced degree, strong statistical and research skills and a background in applied sociology. Criminologist would typically need a sociologist master's degree or Ph. D. There are two types of sociology master's degree programs: traditional programs and applied, clinical, and professional programs. Traditional programs prepare students to enter a Ph. D. Program. Applied, clinical, and professional programs prepare students to enter the professional workplace, teaching them the necessary analytical skills to perform sociological research in a reflections setting.Many students who complete a Ph. D. In sociology become postsecondary teachers. Other Ph. D. Gradu ates often become research sociologists for nonprofits, businesses, and governments. Courses in research methods and statistics are important for both master's and Ph. D. Candidates. Many programs also offer opportunities to gain experience through internships or by preparing reports for clients. Although some graduates with a bachelor's degree find work as sociology research assistants, most find positions in other fields, such as social services, administration, management, or sales and marketing.I plan to start my Journey through the criminology at DVD and then try to get into Sac State or US Davis. I think that Criminology is such an interesting major and topic that it will keep my interest, and it is expanding at a great rate 15% is the projected for the future. The fact that it deals with the human brain yet it also plays a huge role in helping keep the community safe, I think that's what fascinates me the most. I believe I will strive in this Job force and be able to really s ucceed in this Job field.

Fantasy literature for children Essay

Q (1). Fantasy literature means new ideas and deals with new images, fantasy includes literature, myths, legends, fairy tales, stories of super natural beings with super natural powers, fantasy creates an imaginative world in which the super natural is natural and plays a perfect part essential to the story to complete it, such literature is enjoyed by the children and adults. An example of such literature is L’Engle’s â€Å"A Wrinkle in Time† which can be read by both children and adults. This books heroine is Meg Murry who is an unhappy and clumsy high school student, she with her friend Calvin and her brother Charles undertake an adventurous journey into time and space to rescue her father from the evil force that is attempting to rule over the universe; her greatest drawback is her anger, impatience and lack of self confidence, during the travel and experience she learns to overcome her faults while rescuing her father. The symbols mentioned in this story are (1) The Dark Thing, it is the dark and cold symbol of evil forces that Meg,Calvin and Charles must fight in rescuing her father, the Dark Thing is evil and in the book there is constant battle between good and evil, and good is always successful over evil; (2) The second symbol is the IT, it is the bodiless brain of Camazotz, it controls all the creatures living in that planet, it identifies with the dark thing with its pulsating and revolting rhythm, it is the main body of evil in the planet, it is war of good and evil and love is successful over evil. 3) the book also has good symbols and one is Aunt Beast, she has many tentacles, she is tall and has fur all over, she is from the planet Ixchel and loves to look after travelers as she looks after Meg when during her travel she brushes with the dark thing, Aunt Beast is full of love but she is always in the dark as she has no eyes and has no idea of light or vision she shows her love and emotions by touching with her tentacles. The major theme of the book is Cosmology, other theme is human life and space travel to other planets and constant war of good against evil and ultimately love and goodness are successful. All these symbols show individuality. Meg rescues her brother Charles from IT through the power of love, LEngle makes her characters to travel through space and into other planets and there they communicate with each other without spoken language, the author is trying to show that speech is not the only way to communicate, and the universal theme is the struggle between good and evil, light against darkness, the author also emphasizes inadequacy of words, as sometimes feelings cannot be explained completely with words. All the symbols help Meg to learn the lessons of life as she cannot be aware of everything, she has learned patience, and she has also learned to understand situations as there is explanation for everything even if sometimes we do not understand the world. Q (2) Poetry appeals to the young people in many ways, as it is a way to express the feelings in words, and helps to understand others feelings also, poetry is called literary art, young people read and write poetry as it is away of relaxation, young people like poetry as it can be sung and people love to write songs; there are different kinds and styles of poetry. A study was conducted by Ann Terry in 1974 which shows what type of poetry is liked by children of different ages of elementary school, humorous poems appealed to a large age range of students, they mostly liked poems with musical qualities and disliked poems that they could not understand maturity plays an important part in understanding poetry, four of the poems were narratives, students of all ages did not like this type of poetry, twenty five poems were not popular poems and were not liked, the students liked rhymed poems. The use of poetry in the classroom is very beneficial as reading and learning poems helps the student’s language development, as it evokes emotions it encourages creativity, poetry develops reading habit and helps to increase vocabulary, poetry is a literary art it is a way to relax, it appeals to the young as it can be made into a song and the teenagers love romantic poetry. It is used in the classroom to teach young students to learn, like the alphabet song is used for teaching young students. Q (3) The â€Å"Monkey Island† written by Paula Fox, is a short novel about an eleven years old boy named Clay Garrity, who is left to live on his own as his father looses his job and cannot find another so he simply walks away from his only child and wife, they go to live in a welfare home as his mother is pregnant she disappears one day and Clay is left alone in the streets of New York , soon he finds Buddy and Calvin in a park and they become a family. If Clay leaves the streets he may never find his parents again and if he stays on the streets alone he might not survive as dangers are eminent. According to evaluation criteria it is a short and simple novel, and it is written for all ages as all can enjoy reading it, the book deals with the darkness and dangers of the night the child has to face, as Clay is left alone to survive he reaches a park where homeless people live and this is scornfully called ‘The Monkey Island’. Clay is a sensitive child who is facing harsh realities of life; he has to face hunger, fear and illness, he gets pneumonia and is in the hospital for ten days and then sent to a foster home and is reunited to his mother and baby sister. According to evaluation criteria this novel intrigues the mind of the child and young adults the title also fascinates the child; it is a simple straight, short novel which shows the harsh realities of life faced by the eleven year old. This novel has all the qualities of a good literature for children, in the view of evaluation, as the features of the book help to analyze the pure and clear title of the book that is composed into a quality literature for children and young adults. Q (4) The answer to this question, ‘who should write science books for children’ has an unlimited answer. Basically scientists should write science books for children, writers who write science books for children should be very clear in explaining and they should use accurate facts and figures, complicated writings scare the children as a result the child looses interest and shies away, science should not be complicated, facts must be presented in such a way that the child is encouraged to indulge in furthering reading. Every topic must have pictures to explain. The science books should be based on topics of universal and international appeal, so that it can be read by all the children over the world without clashes of cultures; the authors should write the text that is within the reach of the understanding power of the child; as illustrations immediately attracts the young mind it also sharpens the appetite of the child’s mind to grasp more and read more. The authors suited for writing science books for children should be aware of the needs and intellectual level of the young mind, therefore they should write about things that are interesting to the imagination of the child’s mind, as scientists are best suited to write science books for children they should emphasize and lay stress on meaningful observations, as it helps the student to master his patience through daily observation classes and become a good observer which is the main part of learning science, which also produces a spark of inspirational power to the reader. The science book must inform the reader not only of facts but must explain the beauty of complicated physical life; science books that teach the child to develop scientific language skills are of great help, in helping the child to discover the natural world around us. Authors who write scientific books for children must use easy and graceful language, they must have expertise on descriptive powers of the verbal text, and the design of the book cover is a source of great attraction for the child, writers must depend on illustrations for explanations, the book should be non-fictional and based only on facts that can be understood by the intellectual level of the young readers, accuracy of facts is the main point on which science books can depend so that a child does not have a con fused orientation of science. Authors who write with such accuracy and are careful in presentations and explanations in the books that are for the young mind, are suited to write science books for children, the books must present simple things for children to do alone and in a group as well, then there are things that the child must work on with the help of parents and together they create fun in learning for all ages, the last part of the book must have questions to be answered by the child, so that the child starts thinking about science around us in this world, and the science book should be appealing to the imagination of the child’s mind, the seventh edition of the text is a tool that can help the writers to be updated in research and utilization of technology, these help resources help to make the most of media available with text, as C. D. ROM; and online activities must be encouraged which help greatly in learning. Q (5) Books for children and young adults are banned and censored due to many reason s in some cases it creates awareness to avoid clashes of cultures and beliefs and sentiments of certain society. There are many reasons for banning a book; it depends on the material of contents which are not ‘anti Christian’ or the language used is objectionable and against the religious beliefs, these can be unsuitable for the young mind, books can be banned due to many reasons such as political reason or social grounds, or books are banned when a certain group of people or an influential person considers it to be controversial, immoral or inappropriate, corrupt, vulgar, violent or wicked, generally if the book contains socially unacceptable ideas, such books are banned as these views are made public. These books sometimes contain racial differences such racial slurs, some books contain depressing and alien material which is not good for the development of the young mind; some facts of history show disrespect to adults and elders which is not acceptable to the society, some books confuse fantasy with reality which is very confusing to the young mind, books depicting witchcraft su ch as J. K. Rowling’s book is under challenge as it creates confusion in the mind of the young, as the book mixes reality with fantasy and witchcraft. Parents play a significant part in banning books as they according to their own thinking accept or ban certain books and they also have their own reasons and view points, parents tend to over protect their children and think that reading certain bad books will lead the child to do bad things which may not be the case, some books are banned if the young try to copy certain acts mentioned in the book which are not acceptable in society, such as suicide stories. The text book on ‘through the eyes of a child’ is an introduction to child literature and is an excellent source of literature for children, no person can justify banning a book it simply depends on personal views and reasons. Today the society has changed and many controversial books are now regarded as classics, today people cannot be stopped from thinking, if thinking is allowed, they will speak and if they speak will write and what is written can be printed and published. Society has changed with time and people are becoming liberal minded and have started accepting books that were once banned. Every person has a right to freedom of thought, the young adults and children have the freedom to read and express their opinions and thoughts, people have different thoughts and these thoughts are valuable only to the individual himself but putting ban on such opinions will deprive the human race and society of its freedom rights. Today the society plays a great role in the development of the mental capabilities of the young, as thinking changes the society has also changed and allows the child some freedom, writing books for children and young adults is not an easy task as the writer has to see through the eyes of the child. Writing books for children and young adults is not an easy task as one has to see through the eyes of the child, books are ways to help the young to understand and appreciate their world. Today books are an integral part of young and children and adults alike each in their own capacity. The society has become more open minded, as less content is censored for viewing by the young, it is preferred that children be informed about all issues related to individuals and society itself, this is done so that children be able to have an understanding which would lead them to formulate their own opinion, excess to all information is important so that may be promoted amongst the young.